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10/27/11(Thu)22:39 No.93705The
American financial industry was regulated from 1940 to 1980, followed
by a long period of deregulation. At the end of the 1980s, a savings and
loan crisis cost taxpayers about $124 billion. In the late 1990s, the
financial sector had consolidated into a few giant firms. In 2001, the
Internet Stock Bubble burst because investment banks promoted Internet
companies that they knew would fail, resulting in $5 trillion in
investor losses. In the 1990s, derivatives became popular in the
industry and added instability. Efforts to regulate derivatives were
thwarted by the Commodity Futures Modernization Act of 2000, backed by
several key officials. In the 2000s, the industry was dominated by five
investment banks (Goldman Sachs, Morgan Stanley, Lehman Brothers,
Merrill Lynch, and Bear Stearns), two financial conglomerates
(Citigroup, JPMorgan Chase), three securitized insurance companies (AIG,
MBIA, AMBAC) and three rating agencies (Moody’s, Standard & Poors,
Fitch). Investment banks bundled mortgages with other loans and debts
into collateralized debt obligations (CDOs), which they sold to
investors. Rating agencies gave many CDOs AAA ratings. Subprime loans
led to predatory lending. Many home owners were given loans they could
never repay. |