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Citizens & Cannibals: The French Revolution, the Struggle of Modernity, and the Origins of Ideological Terror by Eli Sagan
Sagan
conceives of three separate French Revolutions. The first, in 1789,
established a constitutional monarchy similar to England's. The second,
in 1792, saw King Louis XVI beheaded and introduced a republican form of
government. The third, in 1793, involved the violent elimination of the
Girondin faction and the beginning of the Jacobin dictatorship. Sagan
seeks to explain how what started in the name Enlightenment ideals like
liberty and equality ended in "ideological terror" and Napoleonic
dictatorship, offering both cultural and psychological reasons for the
Revolution's failure. France was unable to develop the concept of "loyal
opposition" essential to viable democracy. In an increasingly paranoid
political climate, political differences were seen as betrayals. Demands
for ideological consensus led to constant governmental instability, and
allowed for rampant guillotine use. Napoleon's "conservative
dictatorship was finally resorted to in the search for some form of
social stability," says Sagan. His exhaustive psychoanalysis of the
Revolution and its leaders (especially Robespierre) provides remarkable
insights into a warped, bloodthirsty political culture. At times,
though, his argument reads like a textbook in psychology, as in his
chapter on the "borderline conditions... operating in the pathological
places of French culture." General readers will struggle, as Sagan
assumes his audience has some grounding in French history and Freudian
theory. His thought-provoking though often frustrating account is
recommended for serious students of the French Revolution. |