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02/22/10(Mon)20:26 No.4460866Though
acute social withdrawal in Japan appears to affect both genders
equally, because of differing social expectations for maturing boys and
girls, the most widely reported cases of hikikomori are from middle and
upper middle class families whose sons, typically their eldest, refuse
to leave the home, often after experiencing one or more traumatic
episodes of social or academic failure.
In The Anatomy of
Dependence (Tokyo: Kodansha, 1973, translated by John Bester), Takeo Doi
identifies the symptoms of hikikomori, and explains its prevalence as
originating in the Japanese psychological construct of amae (in Freudian
terms, "passive object love", typically of the kind between mother and
infant). Other Japanese commentators such as academic Miyadai Shinji and
novelist Murakami Ryu, have also offered analysis of the hikikomori
phenomenon, and find distinct causal relationships with the modern
Japanese social conditions of anomie, amae and atrophying paternal
influence in nuclear family child pedagogy. Young adults may feel
overwhelmed by modern Japanese society, or be unable to fulfill their
expected social roles as they have not yet formulated a sense of
personal honne and tatemae – one's "true self" and one's "public facade"
– necessary to cope with the paradoxes of adulthood. |