(Need a bulb, pliers, short screwdriver or nail; small vegetation such as moss, and dirt)

How to make: 
~~~~~~
Step 1: Get a light bulb. Ones with white inside are just as good as the clear ones. Avoid 'Clouded' ones; bulbs where the inside is, I guess etched, as you can't make it clear.

Step 2: With pliers, take the brass contact off by getting up an edge of it, and twisting.

Step 3: Take off top black glass with pliers. *WARNING* This type of glass tends to shatter and get EVARYWARE! Wear safety glasses, gloves, and do it over a trashcan or something.

Step 4: Once the top black glass is off, take your nail or short screwdriver and tap the inside layer of glass. The housing that holds the filament should break off and fall inside the bulb.

Step 4a (Optional): With a filer (I used a metal filer), file the glass around the top on the inside so you don't cut yourself and so that it's smooth.

Step 4b: Shake the filament and its housing out, you may need to reuse your pliers for this.

Dude, link to the old thread!

Step 5 [For white coated bulbs]: Put a teaspoon of salt in the bulb and fill it about half full with hot water. Shake it up while covering the top hole with your thumb. This should remove the kaolin (the white powder) and make your bulb clear as a snowglobe. If necessary, put in a paper towel and twist it around to get any kaolin the water couldn't get.

Step 6: Go outside and gather moss and dirt. Some people recommend putting activated charcoal in there too. You can get other things to decorate it also, such as small rocks or chunks of coral (I have them all over the yard, glacier/mountain soil has an abundance for some reason)

Step 7: Stick everything in there.

Step 8: Add a teaspoon or two or three of water to hydrate the soil.

Step 9 [Optional]: Cut out a piece of coffee filter the size of the hole. Glue half of it down, allowing it to flip down when you need to water the terrarium. I've never seen anyone else do this, but I would think this keeps out most bad molds and keeps spores from the moss and such inside.

Step 10: Get something to hold your lightbulb so it doesn't roll around. Glass sucks when it breaks, in case you didn't know. In the attached picture, they used some sort of hard drive part. I used homemade air-dry clay.

Step 10 [For clay base]: Get 5 tsp of flour and 2 tsp salt. Mix it together. Add 2.5 tsp of hot water. Knead it around a little bit, then make a ball and press the bulb on it. Let dry for like, 5 hours.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Ta-da! You now have a cool desk ornament.

>>93582
>>81605

>>93580
Original thread screenshot, for easy distribution of instructions.

If you guys want really good advice fro what to put in your bulbs, then go here http://boards.4chan.org/an/,; and post a thread with some of your pictures in it, so they know you are serious.

I have seen threads of tanks just as small as your lightbulbs, with healthy happy fish and or shrimp in them. You just have to ask the experts on there what their names are.

Also, be warned, /an/ is super slow, and has the occasional troll in it (just like all boards) that post animal abuse/bestiality threads.

Sadly, /an/ has no mods, so since it's a slow board and all, those threads stick around for a while. Just ignore them like we all do, lol.

>>93616
Derp, stupid typo. I forgot that was my last copy/paste save. I meant the board, /an/ right next to /adv/

Just made one for a christmas gift...

Used some fox farms ocean forest organic soil and some small gravel from my fish tank infested with beneficial bacteria. Went outside and grabbed a few different small plants and stuck them inside. Top is glued on with JB weld with a small air hole. Stand is made from a wire clothes hanger bent to shape. Tomorrow im going to buy some red ribbon and shit to make it look nice. Thanks for the idea /diy/! Saved me some money this year...

read the whole last thread and decided to make one for myself. nothing special, a little red pumice for drainage, a pinch of activated charcoal, and a mix of compost and potting soil that i baked in the oven. for plants i grabbed some moss from my front garden and a sprig of some little clover looking plant (my wife likes it cuz the leaves look like little hearts). the stand is some left over in wall copper electrical wire

These things inspire rage within me, there's a local craftperson who makes these little things, which is all fine and dandy until you put some water and a fish in there. That's crossing the goddamn line, imo. Fuck that person, I'm working on a complaint to the three stores I found selling them right now.

I mean, yeah, they're fish. But those poor, poor fish living in lightbulbs stuffed with suffocating vegetation (and oh god the algae in those things) and no filtration and no room to turn around in, forced to forever swim in circles.

so are you guys just going out in your yard and getting dirt and throwing it in a lightbulb or is there something I am missing?

PS this looks fucking awesome. Plan on attempting

>>93784

Fish would never survive in these more than a couple weeks. Fish need aeration and filters. However, I'd be willing to bet a single algae-eating shrimp would thrive for years. Petsmart sells the Japanese algae-eating shirmp and those suckers will live forever...

Hurr durr i need to control an animals life for entertainment and self-graditude, lets put 54 motherfucking goldfish in a god damn light bulb hurr durr im smart

>>93784
I'm working on one with a removable top to keep soe triops in. fish- never no way. too small.

>>93788
bump

>>93743
>>93774
Looking great! Nice to see some innovation on the stands.

>>93801
>>93788
Some people have mentioned baking the soil on the highest temperature in your oven first to get rid of any bad bacteria or mold, then adding moss from their yard. But yeah, pretty much.

>>93774

This is so cute!

>>93822

Couldn't get mine off either...just left it but took the top most cover off, which left behind a small enough hole for ventilation.

>>93833
Did you take the steel/copper contact off? If you did, there should be a tiny millimeter or so sized hole that goes all the way through. If you need to, hit it once or twice with a hammer, and then pluck the pieces.

>>93846
heroic

>>93825

thanks. it's mostly for my wife. once it's established she can take it to work and put it on her desk


>>93833

i used the handle of a screw driver. hold the bulb by pinching the sides of the metal base, then start lightly hitting the black glass insulator with the handle. give it a few raps, check for cracks, hit a little harder, check again, yada yada yada

This thread makes me cranky that all the light bulbs in my house are energy efficient ones.

Where can i look for moss? These are awesome, but i live in goddamn utah, and its abut 15 degrees outside, so no time to mosey around looking for greens. Any tips on where i can check for best results?

>>93893
Woods/forests. Old stone building (North side), swamps (dunno about in Utah).

>>93894
That doesnt help, dirt s everywhere, but i have never seen it growing on the tree out front.
>>93895
Might try this, is it the north side that i should check?

>>93901
Ill try. Is there anything else i can throw in thatwould grow? If i can get spores from a mushroom, would that work? I fucking love mushrooms, not the drug kind, just hw they grow and work. Is that something that would flow?

>>93900
DEEP in dense wooded area you will find moss everywhere like >>93901 pointed out. But I've noticed that in less dense woods, you tend to find moss on the trunks of most trees on the north side (the side that gets very little direct sunlight). The same is true for most porous materials (stone/brick buildings)

>>93904
I don't see why mushrooms wouldn't work, but it would have to stay rather damp in there, and direct sunlight would inhibit growth if I understand correctly.

>>93907
wonder if there's a way to miniaturize these:
http://www.instructables.com/id/Luminous-Mushroom-Night-Light/

>>93893

go to your local hardware/gardening store. some indoor potted plants will have a moss ground cover over the dirt to make them look nicer. since you don't need that much, grab a small handful off the top and go on your merry way

posting some a more cleaner version of the ones in the other thread. We have a bigger bulb out in building I plan on doing with just sand and a airplant.

I don't know why but I am just terrible when it comes to putting the dirt and vegetation into the bulb. I have 2 bulbs perfectly cleaned and ready to be transformed but I'm just too bad at making it look nice inside, any tips for arranging?

>>93930

you can use a folded piece of paper as a funnel for the dirt, or use a popsicle stick to scoop small amounts in. chopsticks, long tweezers, or forceps help you put plants inside the bulb and position them. a moist qtip can be use to clean any debris from the walls of the bulb. take a straw and a shot glass of water, put straw in water, cover end of straw with finger tip, then place straw inside the bulb to water.

>>93930
I used a funnel and a stick to place the dirt where I wanted it, then cut thin strips of the moss and placed them with tweezers sort of where they needed to be and pushed them down with my fingers. I made sort of a hole for my cactus and still havent been able to secure the fucking rocks :(
Here's my one from yesterday

Oh also I used a q-tip to clean the inside of the bulb once I was done.

>>93937
Are you me?

>>93940

I'm you in the future, with a shot glass of water and a straw

>>93947
fantastic idea for watering it, by the way

>>93948
Cheers! I guess they are DIY too

>>93774
sweet bro

>>93774

hey i like this one

Just put dirt in mine, I took it from outside and it was raining so I'm gonna give it awhile to dry, clean the walls, then plant a seed of a small plant in it.

>>93842
>>93950
>>93948
Get the fuck out of here you goddamn fucking trip fags. why must you ruin this board with your faggotry? We are all helping each other out working together why do we need to identify who did what? You putting a fucking trip code goes against what i think this board is meant for. >>93893
Michaels sometimes has moss though it may be dry and dead.

>>94143 here.
Just planted a small seed in mine. It's kinda ugly and dirty. Tried doing the coat hanger stand. I'll post another if it sprouts before the thread 404's. I'll probably have it cleaner too.

>>94169
I had a similar idea for using a coat hanger and yours looks really shitty. no offense. What you should try is getting something round and bending the coat hanger around it not doing it with your hands so that way you dont get those breaks in the bend.

>>94184
Yeah, I was thinking the same thing. I'm thinking about actually just finding a different way to stand it up. Like hanging it in front of a window or something.

i wonder...would there be any kind of plant that would fit in here that had more color? maybe red for Christmas' sake?

I hope there's some moss in my backyard, I'm too lazy to go on a scavenger hunt for plants... but this is a very cool idea

if anyone is interested here is a video tutorial.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cwkadfx5gMs

>>94199
paint some rocks with nontoxic paint. instant holly berries.

>>94190
There was this picture of someone just using some string and hanging it up like that. I thought it looked pretty awesome. something in the simplicity. I have another idea but idk if it would work or how it would.

little lightbulb from the dollar store.
accidently broke the tp off, i am gluing it back on.
everything from my yard

>>94345
hey that's what i said in the previous thread. lights!!!

oh god i found the perfect bulb, sadly it isn't broken yet. a 100 watt bulb, perfect sphere, 12-13 cm in diameter. i'm going to stare it to death

>>94345

That one is fantastic!

>>94429
Or just use that and replace it with an energy efficient one

so are these things self sustaining? can you seal them all up and will they live like that or do they need co2 and water and stuff?

>>94440
absolutely not. The EU banned my sweet incandescent bulbs but that doesn't mean i will stop using them. i bought boxes and boxes full of them, all safely stored in the attic. I've got enough for at least a few decades of good old incandescent light.

I don't believe in the whole global warming story. plus the mercury in CCFL is way worse for the environment.

so i'm not breaking one on purpose :)

>>94345 got one like that one in front of me but the opening is <1 cm. so i don't think i can get anything inside

>>94440
fun fact: people tend to comfort themselves with the idea of energy efficient bulbs to the extent they leave the lights on and end up wasting several times more energy than before

>>94481
plus using them at places like the toilet with many on-offs shortens their lifetime, costing you a load of money + adding more mercury to the environment.

>>94476
ahhh another bulb storer. got like 200 times 60 watt in the garage. hopefully they invented a decent replacement for bulbs by the time i run out.

2-liter caps screw perfectly onto lightbulbs.

I found that adding 4 drops of green food coloring to the clay mix, you get a nice grass green color too it. I highly recommend it. But be sure to wet your hands thoroughly with hot water before you start modeling the clay. I only did one hand and it took me a good 5 minutes to get all the clay off.

apparently i need to work out some sort of trade deal with you EU fags. i just go down the street and buy a box of 6 bulbs in 40w, 60w, 75w, or 100w for $1.60 USD. i just bought a few boxes to make some xmas gifts on the cheap

It sucks, non-eco-friendly light bulbs are going to be illegal in the US soon... no more cool lightbulb crafts with classic bulbs ;;

>>94476
i rattled a small flathead in it, and jabbed at it a few times and it cracked. I had that problem but figured out how to crack it after ruining another bulb.

need sauce on >>93003

>>94739
I would have to order a HUGE quantity to pay off I think... shipping can be a little high. sadly I believe the last one I had died last week :( even more sadly I found this thread only after I threw it away... some bad luck, I guess...

Just made one using moss and a few shoots from my backyard. The larger shoot is is a bit cramped, but we'll see how it adjusts.

Will post a picture of it tomorrow night, the leaves should orient themselves into a stable position over the course of the day.

Almost worked for me, but to my dismay, the black plug was made of iron, not aluminium, which the rest of the globe was made of.

So I bent back the aluminium and pulled out the plug, but the innards weren't held in there by the plug! So I smashed (ever so carefully) the glass, and hey bingo! It worked!

Then I finally broke the glass while filling it down.

God Australia has the shittest light globes in existence.

if I put some dead plant matter and uprooted some mushrooms could I have some pet living mushrooms in there?

>>94739
most people have a nice stash of bulbs left. i hope that within the +-30 years i can do with my stash a good replacement is available. LED and CCFL just doesn't do it, is ugly. halogen is "ok" though

>>94476

>plus the mercury in CCFL is way worse for the environment.
THIS. And most people don't recycle their CFLs which tends to release the mercury into the environment. I know where I live our city recycler doesn't take them, you have to go yourself down to a recycle center to get rid of them...same for batteries. Doesn't bother me because i dont use city collection for recycling or garbage, but I know most people throw their CFLs in the trash.

Also, A question to the people in the EU where they are getting rid of incandescent lights. Does that include heating lamps for reptiles, etc? I much prefer the use of those over heat rocks and heating pads.

>>94818

Sorry. I am the guy that posted that one, but I don't have a real source. It was on some girl's Tumblr. And she didn't say anything about it all, just put the picture up. Don't know where she got it, if she made it or just took a photo of it or what...

>>95252
certain specialized things like heat lamps and fridge lights are excluded. that way this smart german still sells normal light bulbs, oh wait no he doesn't sell light bulbs he sells "heat bulbs"
https://www.heatball.de/index.php
to avoid the ban on light bulbs he imports and sells them as "heat devices". the man is a genious.

and the few CCFL lights we used ended up in the normal trash, i'm not going to drive to god knows where to dispose of things like CCFL, ink cartridges etc. there used to be a local collection point but since that one is gone i just dump everything in the trashcan. sorry environment but i'm tired of the forced "be good for the enviroment" crap while they remove things like local chemical waste deposits.

>>95273
same here. the local supermarket used to have a place you could dump that kind of stuff. now the nearest place is a 15-20 minute drive and i have to pay for parking there (starting at 1.5 euro) even though it doesn't take more than 5 minutes. so batteries, toner, CCFL and other stuff goes straight into the garbage now. and from what i'm hearing most people do that now.

>>94262
If I follow this and do an 'open' terrarium, could I perhaps device some sort of valve or hatch at the top, for watering and stuff?
Anyone got Ideas for it?

>Step 3: Take off top black glass with pliers. *WARNING* This type of glass tends to shatter and get EVARYWARE! Wear safety glasses, gloves, and do it over a trashcan or something.

This fucking step!
My bulbs doesn't stop with a 'top' of the black glass; it keeps going a good bit inside the metal housing, making it fucking cramped inside!
Any tips on getting this shit out?

>>95273
i find those "heatballs" a genius "heating" system

>>95379
i tried this a few years back with a friend of mine and had the same problem. the glass cracked inside the metal and from there to the bulb. if i try it again i think i'll score the glass, heat it and cool it with water, it should cut clean off then

>>95379
>>95384
Best bet is to get bulbs without the black glass going in all the way; they seem to be 50% of the older and more interesting forms, so there's at least that.

>>95394
now i need X ray eyes

>>95395
You can easily see it from the top of the bulb. That is assuming you can see through glass...

>>95401
frosted bulbs everywhere :) but indeed a clear one would work

I took the idea of putting fish in a light bulb and instead of a light bulb I went a bit larger.
See more of it here.
>>95343

>>95424
too small for any sort of fish
no filtration
no air exchange (not talking about a stupid bubbler but this is airtight)

>>95438
sorry just read the other thread and you do have air

but the other points still stand

>>95439
It could definitely fit a betta or a other small fish. Or even snails. I don't know, pet stores around my place have some very small fish. Also, when you don't have a filter (say with like, a fish bowl), you just frequently change the water.

>>95447
sigh
http://www.bettafish.com/showthread.php?t=8923

my national aquarium club even says >40 liters, plus there's no heater in there. sorry bro but i don't know of any fish that lives in 1 or 2 litres of water.

>>95456
Hm, I never thought of any of that. I always see people I know and even pet stores putting fish of all types in aquariums of any size. Well, at least I found out about all that before I put anything in there right? It'll make a cool home for sea monkeys or something I guess.

>>95460
shrimp and sea monkeys, YAY :D

yes there are a lot of people who put betta's in small vases because of that small puddle myth. but luckily you seem like a person who understands that when it isn't going to work (for long) you shouldn't attempt to do it anyway. like the people who just HAVE to put a blue regal tang (dori from nemo) in a 60 liter tank. +1 for you bro.

maybe look for fire shrimp, nice little bright red fresh water shrimp. most fish stores sell them.

here's mine, im not sure what to put in it though :/

>>95513
try to get the kinks out of that wire.

classic moss + tiny plant
desert theme
etc etc etc

Came home and decided to do this on a whim. It was pretty quick and enjoyable now to just fill it with stuff. Still lacking a proper holder but i'll figure something out before christmas. Cheers OP

>>95564
very nice.

why are all my bulbs filled with some bron clay like stuff. the room under the metal part is filled with brown gunk. argh

Shameless self bump

Oh gawd. At the dollarstore today I saw that they had tubes with sand,small rocks and a bit bigger rocks in it. It was awesome, and I was wondering what I could do with this.
Also trying to find what I'll craft for my godparents for christmas... I guess I could do this! But I would have to "step it up" a little bit, idk how yet tho.
Do these stay "alive" like for a long time?
Also, does the moss have to be fresh, or it can be dried moss? Cause it's snowing outside at this time of the year, and I'm living in a big city D:

I love this, I had a few dead bulbs lying around but unfortunately someone classified them as junk and tossed them. I might have to buy new bulbs to try this out.

>>95564
christmas ball form, neat

thread a bit dead?

>>96253
its a size G bulb. they're vanity bulbs, and are very large and round.

bamping for moar examples.
i am tempted to try that string of aquatic plants from the last thread.

>>96084
one person said that there's had plants growing in it for 10 months before they decided to clean it out and replace everything

I hunted around for a bit and found an opaque General Electric 75w bulb; would that work? I'm not entirely sure if the inside is cleanable.

I had three bulbs and I broke every single one of them trying to get them open.

no more bulbs in house except crappy cfl or colored ones

I found a pint milk jar to use instead.

everything in it came from my yard. I kinda like the little snail shell, it's not a live snail just an empty shell. also lots of lichen and moss and a few tiny plants in back. and I got a tiny tiny mushroom to fit but then broke it with my goddamn clumsy hands.

I have long forceps I used those and a chopstick to get everything where I wanted it. it actually captures the woods at my house pretty well.

>>96539
one more pic of it. I like it, I am going to name it clyde.

I hope it lives. I hot-glued that shell to the top, I can pull it back off easily then use a dot to put it back.

Any possibility that I can actually fit anything inside of a bulb that is about this size. I'm worried about the opening not being large enough.
(pic related)

use teeny tiny tweezers, go outside and put your face at the ground looking for teeny tiny plants.

it should work the same but don't overload it

I'm building one of these right now. And I have 2 questions.

1.) would it be good or bad to use cactus soil (only bag soil I currently have) instead of dirt from outside.

2.) Can any small flowering plants live in these? I'm specifically curious about Buttercups. Or any yellow flower.

Fun fact you can also buy coke bottles in this such and use them more or less the same way.

This thread is awesome, i specially love >>93774
I'm making one of these to make a gift, but im not sure if i got all right.
First i'll put a small rock layer for the water to drain, then the dirt, and then moss. Finally and i'll look for a plant like >>93774 or something like that. Also half glue the coffe filter as op says.

What's the activated charcoal for? (i never heard of it on spain). Also, with all i said but the charcoal, will the plants live long? How much water and how ofter should i put? Thank! really! i never worked in anything related to plants

>>96617
how do you think they get those ships into the bottle?
all at once or piece by piece?

>>97466

... all at once

>>97461
the charcoal keeps it from getting algae/smelly/stagnant. freshens the air inside.

you can get it in little bags at any fish/aquarium store, just go where they sell aquarium stuff and ask for activated charcoal

bamp for moar

Anyone know a good way to bend wire to make a spiral tower that it could sit on top of?

>>97539
forgot what triocode used, but thank you :)

Bumpity bump!

How does it go without the charcoal? I can only see this ending in smelly overgrown agaeic mess.

>>98287
yeah, bacteria and algae, it gets funky. you could always air it out a bit every day and water it a few drops every few days but then it's not really sealed or carefree

>>97996
bending it around a form you like should be a good way to get such a base.

Just a heads up, don't try to smash the black glass; the metal is unbelievably soft, and hitting it will deform it.
Instead, use pliers to crush it with your might brawn.

I'm thinking about creating a shrimp aquarium in a chemistry vial. Form not fixed yet, I'm looking into vial sizes, so not specifics on that. It should be able to keep alive maximum of 2 salt-water shrimps, plants that would support a good eco-cycle, and plenty small snail-shells for the shrips to use as housing as they grow. Any ideas? Have you ever heard of such a setup being successful?

>>98294
Wait. So if I put charcoal in it, it becomes self sustainable and I can seal it?

>>98321

i had this same deformation happening. so i made a tool out of a broken broom handle where i whittled it into a cone so that i could evenly smooth the aluminum into a circle again

>>98379

now you got me thinking. a few small erlenmeyer flasks (like 25ml) used for terrariums. arranged on a stand with clamps, similar to the pic of light bulbs grouped together

>>96495
This guy here again. I managed to get the kaolin coating the inside out and the lightbulb turned out rather nicely. How... What do I do with it/get it especially clean?

>>98379
>>98379
>>98379

check this out. I always wanted one of these
Here in spain there is a museum with one of these to fucking big. Pic related

http://www.eco-sphere.com/

>>98379
>>98379

This might be useful to you too.

http://www.ecosferas.com/view_ecosferas/es/destacado/ecosferas.html


it's spanish, but ask me if you dont understand any sentences form google translator ;)

Any cool ideas for a wire holder for TWO lamps?
They both need to be vertical.

These remind me of the powerplants in Trigun

>>93939
hoyl fuck you're a female!

the only thing tht would make these tiny terrarium in a lightbulb any better....is if the plants actually glowed in the dark. Then it would function as a real lightbulb.

meh

My terrarium turned out awesome but I can't find my fucking camera. ;-;

>>96539
>>96544
The shell is a very nice touch.

just made my first one.
Getting the lightbulb ready was easy. But making the stand took for fucking ever.
Made it from a wire coat hanger.
I'll put some stuff in it tomorrow.

I had problems getting the moss in there.
So I just kind of stuffed it in and hoped it would grow correctly by itself

I now have two cactus cuttings in a compost/sand mix, just hoping they manage to root correctly.

I made this, but it is the middle of winter, so what do?

>>99777
How much snow do you have?
I made one yesterday and took plants from outside and I live in Wisconsin. As long as the plant is green it is still able to survive so just find a green patch of moss or some green small plants and your good to go

>>99363
Pardon the poor drawing, but something like this could look nice.

>>99781
A lot, no green stuff anywhere besides Pine trees.

I was thinking of making one of these for my friend for Christmas.

But instead of a terrarium, what about a miniature sand zen garden? Have little pebbles that can be moved with tweezers, and a little rake.

Thought I'd contribute mine. Will most likely add some moss tomorrow.

Definitely gonna get into this sort of stuff. Looks too cool.

/diy/ I can't seem to get the inner workings of the bulbs out when I try to do this, because in my bulbs a glass tube goes down into the bulb and blocks whatever I try to take out.
It's circled in my shitastic picture. Please help, /diy/. Do I just happen to have the wrong type of bulb lying around the house, and should I go buy the propper ones?

>>100273
Figured it out, you just have to man-handle it.

Finally getting pictures up of mine

Closeup of one bulb

Is it possible to use regular charcoal instead of activated charcoal? It'd save me a trip to the store when making this.

>>100441
and the other bulb

How long do these things last? I made two for gifts but I'm curious when do they go bad?

I put charcoal in too, to keep them from getting to musky.

1/2

>>100456

2/2

I like these, not only is this finding a use for something that is otherwise completely useless once it's broken, but these could make neat little gifts.

>>100442
Nah mang, it's gotta be activated.

anyone ever try using gravel and plastic plants for a long lasting one?

These threads bum me out because I remember that I used to have a giant lightbulb from a harbor or something. It was easily 2 feet long, and 1 to 1.5 feet in diameter. I have no idea where it went. I hope it's in my crap-filled basement.