17 July 2009
[Federal Register: July 17, 2009 (Volume 74, Number 136)]
[Rules and Regulations]
[Page 34690-34694]
From the Federal Register Online via GPO Access [wais.access.gpo.gov]
[DOCID:fr17jy09-3]
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DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE
Office of the Secretary
32 CFR Part 159
[DOD-2008-OS-0125/RIN 0790-AI38]
Private Security Contractors (PSCs) Operating in Contingency
Operations
AGENCY: Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition,
Technology, and Logistics, DoD.
ACTION: Interim final rule.
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SUMMARY: This part establishes policy, assigns responsibilities and
provides procedures for the regulation of the selection,
accountability, training, equipping, and conduct of personnel
performing private security functions under a covered contract during
contingency operations. It also assigns responsibilities and
establishes procedures for incident reporting, use of and
accountability for equipment, rules for the use of force, and a process
for administrative action or the removal, as appropriate, of PSCs and
PSC personnel. For the Department of Defense, this IFR supplements DoD
Instruction 3020.41, ``Contractor Personnel Authorized to Accompany the
U.S. Armed Forces,'' which provides guidance for all DoD contractors
operating in contingency operations.
This part is of critical importance. It is being published as an
Interim Final Rule because there is insufficient policy and guidance
regulating the actions of DoD and other governmental PSCs and their
movements in the operational area. It will procedurally close existing
gaps in the oversight of Private Security Contractors (PSCs), ensure
compliance with laws and regulations pertaining to Inherently
Governmental functions, and ensure proper performance by armed
contractors. The expansion of troops in Afghanistan will result in a
corresponding increase in the number of PSCs performing in that Area of
Operations. This part is required to ensure implementation of necessary
guidance for all U.S.G. PSCs across the CENTCOM area of responsibility.
Further, the publication of this IFR is required to meet the mandate of
Section 862 of the 2008 National Defense Authorization Act. The
Congress has expressed continuing concern that
[[Page 34691]]
regulations for the oversight of PSCs are not yet in place.
DATES: This rule is effective July 17, 2009. Comments must be received
by August 31, 2009.
ADDRESSES: You may submit comments, identified by docket number and/or
RIN number and title, by any of the following methods:
Federal Rulemaking Portal: http://www.regulations.gov.
Follow the instructions for submitting comments.
Mail: Federal Docket Management System Office, 1160
Defense Pentagon, Washington, DC 20301-1160.
Instructions: All submissions received must include the agency name
and docket number or Regulatory Information Number (RIN) for this
Federal Register document. The general policy for comments and other
submissions from members of the public is to make these submissions
available for public viewing on the Internet at http://
www.regulations.gov as they are received without change, including any
personal identifiers or contact information.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Jeffrey Taylor, (703) 692-3032.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: This Interim Final Rule is required to meet
the mandate of Section 862 of the FY 2008 National Defense
Authorization Act. Section 862 of the 2008 NDAA lays out two
requirements:
(i) That the Secretary of Defense, in coordination with the
Secretary of State shall prescribe regulations on the selection,
training, equipping, and conduct of personnel performing private
security functions under a covered contract in an area of combat
operations; and
(ii) That the FAR shall be revised to require the insertion into
each covered contract of a contract clause addressing the selection,
training, equipping, and conduct of personnel performing private
security functions under such contract.
This Interim Final Rule meets requirement (i). There will be a
separate and subsequent Federal Register action to meet requirement
(ii) to update the FAR.
Executive Order 12866, ``Regulatory Planning and Review''
It has been certified that 32 CFR part 159 does not:
(1) Have an annual effect on the economy of $100 million or more or
adversely affect in a material way the economy; a section of the
economy; productivity; competition; jobs; the environment; public
health or safety; or State, local, or tribal governments or
communities;
(2) Create a serious inconsistency or otherwise interfere with an
action taken or planned by another Agency;
(3) Materially alter the budgetary impact of entitlements, grants,
user fees, or loan programs, or the rights and obligations of
recipients thereof; or
(4) Raise novel legal or policy issues arising out of legal
mandates, the President's priorities, or the principles set forth in
this Executive Order.
Public Law 104-121, ``Congressional Review Act'' (5 U.S.C. 801)
It has been determined that 32 CFR part 159 is not a ``major'' rule
under 5 U.S.C. 801, enacted by Public Law 104-121, because it will not
result in an annual effect on the economy of $100 million or more; a
major increase in costs or prices for consumers, individual industries,
Federal, State, or local government agencies, or geographic regions; or
significant adverse effects on competition, employment, investment,
productivity, innovation, or on the ability of United States-based
enterprises to compete with foreign-based enterprises in domestic and
export markets.
Section 202, Public Law 104-4, ``Unfunded Mandates Reform Act''
It has been certified that 32 CFR part 159 does not contain a
Federal mandate that may result in expenditure by State, local and
tribal governments, in aggregate, or by the private sector, of $100
million or more in any one year.
Public Law 96-354, ``Regulatory Flexibility Act'' (5 U.S.C. 601)
It has been certified that 32 CFR part 159 is not subject to the
Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601) because it would not, if
promulgated, have a significant economic impact on a substantial number
of small entities. This rule will apply only to a specific sector of
defense industry and a limited number of small entities.
Public Law 96-511, ``Paperwork Reduction Act'' (44 U.S.C. Chapter 35)
It has been certified that 32 CFR part 159 does impose reporting or
recordkeeping requirements under the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995.
These requirements have been approved by OMB and assigned OMB Control
Numbers 0704-0460, ``Synchronized Predeployment and Operational Tracker
(SPOT) System'' and 0704-0461, ``Qualification to Possess Firearms or
Ammunition.''
Executive Order 13132, ``Federalism''
It has been certified that 32 CFR part 159 does not have federalism
implications, as set forth in Executive Order 13132. This rule does not
have substantial direct effects on:
(1) The States;
(2) The relationship between the National Government and the
States; or
(3) The distribution of power and responsibilities among the
various levels of Government.
List of Subjects in 32 CFR Part 159
Contracts, Security measures.
0
Accordingly 32 CFR Part 159 is added to read as follows:
PART 159--PRIVATE SECURITY CONTRACTORS OPERATING IN CONTINGENCY
OPERATIONS
Sec.
159.1 Purpose.
159.2 Applicability and scope.
159.3 Definitions.
159.4 Policy.
159.5 Responsibilities.
159.6 Procedures.
Authority: Public Law 110-181; Pub. L. 110-417.
Sec. 159.1. Purpose.
This part establishes policy, assigns responsibilities and provides
procedures for the regulation of the selection, accountability,
training, equipping, and conduct of personnel performing private
security functions under a covered contract. It also assigns
responsibilities and establishes procedures for incident reporting, use
of and accountability for equipment, rules for the use of force, and a
process for administrative action or the removal, as appropriate, of
PSCs and PSC personnel.
Sec. 159.2. Applicability and scope.
This part:
(a) Applies to:
(1) The Office of the Secretary of Defense, the Military
Departments, the Office of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
and the Joint Staff, the Combatant Commands, the Office of the
Inspector General of the Department of Defense, the Defense Agencies,
the DoD Field Activities, and all other organizational entities in the
Department of Defense (hereafter referred to as the ``DoD
Components'').
(2) The Department of State and other U.S. Federal agencies insofar
as it implements the requirements of section 862 of Public Law 110-181.
Specifically, in areas of operations which require enhanced
coordination of PSC and PSC personnel working for U.S. Government
(U.S.G.) agencies, the Secretary of Defense may designate such areas as
areas of combat operations for the limited purposes of this part. In
such an instance, the standards
[[Page 34692]]
established in accordance with this part would, in coordination with
the Secretary of State, expand from covering only DoD PSCs and PSC
personnel to cover all U.S.G.-funded PSCs and PSC personnel operating
in the designated area.
(b) Prescribes policies applicable to all:
(1) DoD PSCs and PSC personnel performing private security
functions during contingency operations outside the United States.
(2) USG-funded PSCs and PSC personnel performing private security
functions in an area of combat operations, as designated by the
Secretary of Defense.
Sec. 159.3. Definitions.
Unless otherwise noted, these terms and their definitions are for
the purpose of this part.
Area of combat operations. An area of operations designated as such
by the Secretary of Defense for the purpose of this part, when enhanced
coordination of PSCs working for U.S.G. agencies is required.
Contingency operation. A military operation that is either
designated by the Secretary of Defense as a contingency operation or
becomes a contingency operation as a matter of law (10 U.S.C.
101(a)(13)). It is a military operation that: a. Is designated by the
Secretary of Defense as an operation in which members of the Armed
Forces are or may become involved in military actions, operations, or
hostilities against an enemy of the United States or against an
opposing force; or b. Is created by definition of law. Under 10 U.S.C.
101(a)(13)(B), a contingency operation exists if a military operation
results in the (1) call-up to (or retention on) active duty of members
of the uniformed Services under certain enumerated statutes (10 U.S.C.
688, 12301(a), 12302, 12304, 12305, 12406, or 331-335); and (2) the
call-up to (or retention on) active duty of members of the uniformed
Services under any other (non-enumerated) provision of law during war
or national emergency declared by the President or Congress. These may
include humanitarian or peacekeeping operations or other military
operations or exercises.
Contractor. The contractor, subcontractor, grantee, or other party
carrying out the covered contract.
Covered contract. A DoD contract for performance of services in an
area of contingency operations or a contract of a non-DoD Federal
agency for performance of services in an area of combat operations, as
designated by the Secretary of Defense;
A subcontract at any tier under such a contract; or
A task order or delivery order issued under such a contract or
subcontract.
Also includes contracts or subcontracts funded under grants and
sub-grants by a Federal agency for performance in an area of combat
operations as designated by the Secretary of Defense. Excludes
temporary arrangements entered into by non-DoD contractors or grantees
for the performance of private security functions by individual
indigenous personnel not affiliated with a local or expatriate security
company. Such arrangements must still be in compliance with local law.
Private security functions. Activities engaged in by a contractor
under a covered contract as follows:
(1) Guarding of personnel, facilities, designated sites, or
property of a Federal agency, the contractor or subcontractor, or a
third party.\1\
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\1\ Contractors performing private security functions are not
authorized to perform inherently governmental functions. In this
regard, they are limited to a defensive response to hostile acts or
demonstrated hostile intent.
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(2) Any other activity for which personnel are required to carry
weapons in the performance of their duties. For the DoD, DoDI
Instruction 3020.41, ``Contractor Personnel Authorized to Accompany the
U.S. Armed Forces,'' \2\ prescribes policies related to personnel
allowed to carry weapons for self defense.
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\2\ Available at http://www.dtic.mil/whs/directives/corres/pdf/
302041p.pdf.
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PSC. During contingency operations ``PSC'' means a company employed
by the DoD performing private security functions under a covered
contract. In a designated area of combat operations, the term ``PSC''
expands to include all companies employed by U.S.G. agencies performing
private security functions under a covered contract.
PSC personnel. Any individual performing private security functions
under a covered contract.
Sec. 159.4. Policy.
(a) Consistent with the requirements of paragraph (a)(2) of section
862 of Public Law 110-181, the selection, training, equipping, and
conduct of PSC personnel including the establishment of appropriate
processes shall be coordinated between the DoD and the Department of
State.
(b) Geographic Combatant Commanders will provide tailored PSC
guidance and procedures for the operational environment in their Area
of Responsibility (AOR) in accordance with this part, the Federal
Acquisition Regulation (FAR) \3\ and the Defense Federal Acquisition
Regulation Supplement (DFARS).\4\
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\3\ Published in Title 48 of the Code of Federal Regulations.
\4\ Published in Title 48 of the Code of Federal Regulations.
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(c) In a designated area of combat operations, the relevant Chief
of Mission will be responsible for developing and issuing implementing
instructions for non-DoD PSCs and their personnel consistent with the
standards set forth by the geographic Combatant Commander in accordance
with paragraph (b) of this section. The Chief of Mission has the option
to instruct non DoD PSCs and their personnel to follow the guidance and
procedures developed by the Geographic Combatant Commander and/or
Subordinate Commander.
(d) The requirements of this part shall not apply to contracts
entered into by elements of the intelligence community in support of
intelligence activities.
Sec. 159.5. Responsibilities.
(a) The Assistant Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Program
Support, under the authority, direction, and control of the Deputy
Under Secretary of Defense for Logistics and Materiel Readiness, shall
monitor the registering, processing, and accounting of PSC personnel in
an area of contingency operations.
(b) The Director, Defense Procurement and Acquisition Policy, under
the authority, direction, and control of the Deputy Under Secretary of
Defense for Acquisition and Technology (DUSD(AT)), shall ensure that
the DFARS and (in consultation with the other members of the FAR
Council) the FAR provide appropriate guidance and contract clauses
consistent with this part and paragraph (b) of section 862 of Public
Law 110-181.
(c) The Director, Defense Business Transformation Agency, under the
authority, direction, and control of the Deputy Chief Management
Officer of the Department of Defense, through the DUSD(AT), shall
ensure that information systems effectively support the accountability
and visibility of contracts, contractors, and specified equipment
associated with private security functions.
(d) The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff shall ensure that
joint doctrine is consistent with the principles established by DoD
Directive 3020.49 ``Orchestrating, Synchronizing, and Integrating
Program Management of Contingency Acquisition Planning and
[[Page 34693]]
Its Operational Execution,'' \5\ DoD Instruction 3020.41, ``Contractor
Personnel Authorized to Accompany the U.S. Armed Forces,'' and this
part.
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\5\ Available from http://www.dtic.mil/whs/directives/corres/
pdf/302040p.pdf.
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(e) The geographic Combatant Commanders in whose AOR a contingency
operation is occurring, and within which PSCs and PSC personnel perform
under covered contracts, shall:
(1) Provide guidance and procedures, as necessary and consistent
with the principles established by DoD Directive 3020.49,
``Orchestrating, Synchronizing, and Integrating Program Management of
Contingency Acquisition Planning and Its Operational Execution,'' DoD
Instruction 3020.41, ``Contractor Personnel Authorized to Accompany the
U.S. Armed Forces,'' \6\ and this part, for the selection, training,
accountability and equipping of such PSC personnel and the conduct of
PSCs and PSC personnel within their AOR. Individual training and
qualification standards shall meet, at a minimum, one of the Military
Departments' established standards.
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\6\ Available from http://www.dtic.mil/whs/directives/corres/
html/302041.htm.
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Within a geographic Combatant Command, Subordinate Commanders shall
be responsible for developing and issuing implementing procedures as
warranted by the situation, operation, and environment, in consultation
with the relevant Chief of Mission in designated areas of combat
operations.
(2) Through the Contracting Officer, ensure that PSC personnel
acknowledge, through their PSC, their understanding and obligation to
comply with the terms and conditions of their covered contracts.
(3) Issue written authorization to the PSC identifying individual
PSC personnel who are authorized to be armed. Rules for the use of
force, developed in accordance with Chairman of the Joint Chief of
Staff Instruction 3121.01B, ``Standing Rules of Engagement/Standing
Rules for the Use of Force for U.S. Forces,'' \7\ shall be included
with the written authorization.
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\7\ CJCSI 3121.01B provides guidance on the standing rules of
engagement (SROE) and establishes standing rules for the use of
force (SRUF) for DOD operations worldwide. This document is
classified secret. CJCSI 3121.01B is available via Secure Internet
Protocol Router Network at http://js.smil.mil If the requester is
not an authorized user of the classified network, the requester
should contact Joint Staff J-3 at 703-614-0425.
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(4) Ensure that the procedures, orders, directives and instructions
prescribed Sec. 159.6(a) of this part are available through a single
location (to include an Internet Web site, consistent with security
considerations and requirements).
(f) The Heads of the DoD Components shall:
(1) Ensure that all private security-related requirement documents
are in compliance with the procedures listed in Sec. 159.6 of this
part and the guidance and procedures issued by the geographic Combatant
Command,
(2) Ensure private security-related contracts contain the
appropriate clauses in accordance with the applicable FAR clause and
include additional mission-specific requirements as appropriate.
Sec. 159.6. Procedures.
(a) Standing Combatant Command Guidance and Procedures. Each
geographic Combatant Commander shall develop and publish guidance and
procedures for PSCs and PSC personnel operating during a contingency
operation within their AOR, consistent with applicable law; this part;
applicable Military Department publications; and other applicable DoD
issuances to include DoD Directive 3020.49, ``Orchestrating,
Synchronizing, and Integrating Program Management of Contingency
Acquisition Planning and Its Operational Execution,'' DFARS, DoD
Directive 2311.01E, ``DoD Law of War Program,'' \8\ DoD 5200.8-R,
``Physical Security Program,'' \9\ CJCSI 3121.01B, ``Standing Rules of
Engagement/Standing Rules for the Use of Force for U.S. Forces,'' and
DoD Directive 5210.56, ``Use of Deadly Force and the Carrying of
Firearms by DoD Personnel Engaged in Law Enforcement and Security
Duties.'' \10\ The guidance and procedures shall:
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\8\ Available at http://www.dtic.mil/whs/directives/corres/html/
231101.htm.
\9\ Available at http://www.dtic.mil/whs/directives/corres/pdf/
520008r.pdf.
\10\ Available at http://www.dtic.mil/whs/directives/corres/
html/521056.htm.
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(1) Contain, at a minimum, procedures to implement the following
processes, and identify the organization responsible for managing these
processes:
(i) Registering, processing, accounting for and keeping appropriate
records of PSCs and PSC personnel in accordance with DoD Instruction
3020.41, ``Contractor Personnel Authorized to Accompany the U.S. Armed
Forces.''
(ii) PSC verification that PSC personnel meet all the legal,
training, and qualification requirements for authorization to carry a
weapon in accordance with the terms and conditions of their contract
and host country law. Weapons accountability procedures will be
established and approved prior to the weapons authorization.
(iii) Arming of PSC personnel. Requests for permission to arm PSC
personnel shall be reviewed on a case-by-case basis by the appropriate
Staff Judge Advocate to the geographic Combatant Commander (or a
designee) to ensure there is a legal basis for approval. The request
will then be approved or denied by the geographic Combatant Commander
or a specifically identified designee, no lower than the flag officer
level. Requests to arm non-DOD PSC personnel shall be reviewed and
approved in accordance with Sec. 159.4(c) of this part. Requests for
permission to arm PSC personnel shall include:
(A) A description of where PSC personnel will operate, the
anticipated threat, and what property or personnel such personnel are
intended to protect, if any.
(B) A description of how the movement of PSC personnel will be
coordinated through areas of increased risk or planned or ongoing
military operations, including how PSC personnel will be rapidly
identified by members of the U.S. Armed Forces.
(C) A communication plan, to include a description of how relevant
threat information will be shared between PSC personnel and U.S.
military forces and how appropriate assistance will be provided to PSC
personnel who become engaged in hostile situations. DoD contractors
performing private security functions are only to be used in accordance
with DoD Instruction 1100.22, ``Guidance for Determining Workforce
Mix,'' \11\ that is, they are limited to a defensive response to
hostile acts or demonstrated hostile intent.
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\11\ Available at http://www.dtic.mil/whs/directives/corres/pdf/
110022p.pdf.
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(D) Documentation of individual training covering weapons
familiarization and qualification, rules for the use of force, limits
on the use of force including whether defense of others is consistent
with host nation Status of Forces Agreements or local law, the
distinction between the rules of engagement applicable to military
forces and the prescribed rules for the use of force that control the
use of weapons by civilians, and the Law of Armed Conflict.
(E) Written acknowledgment by the PSC and its individual PSC
personnel, after investigation of background of PSC personnel by the
contractor, verifying such personnel are not prohibited under U.S. law
to possess firearms.
[[Page 34694]]
(F) Written acknowledgment by the PSC and individual PSC personnel
that:
(1) Potential civil and criminal liability exists under U.S. and
local law or host nation Status of Forces Agreements for the use of
weapons.\12\
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\12\ This requirement is specific to arming procedures. Such
written acknowledgement should not be construed to limit civil and
criminal liability to conduct arising from ``the use of weapons.''
PSC personnel could be held criminally liable for any conduct that
would constitute a federal offense (see MEJA, 18 USC 3261(a)).
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(2) Proof of authorization to be armed must be carried by each PSC
personnel.
(3) PSC personnel may possess only U.S.G.-issued and/or -approved
weapons and ammunition for which they have been qualified according to
paragraph (a)(1)(iii)(E) of this section.
(4) PSC personnel were briefed and understand limitations on the
use of force.
(5) Authorization to possess weapons and ammunition may be revoked
for non-compliance with established rules for the use of force.
(6) PSC personnel are prohibited from consuming alcoholic beverages
or being under the influence of alcohol while armed.
(iv) Registration and identification in the Synchronized
Predeployment and Operational Tracker (or its successor database) of
armored vehicles, helicopters, and other vehicles operated by PSC
personnel.
(v) Reporting alleged criminal activity or other incidents
involving PSCs or PSC personnel by another company or any other person.
All incidents involving the following shall be reported and documented:
(A) A weapon is discharged by an individual performing private
security functions;
(B) An individual performing private security functions is killed
or injured in the performance of their duties;
(C) A person other than an individual performing private security
functions is killed or injured as a result of conduct by PSC personnel;
(D) Property is destroyed as a result of conduct by a PSC or PSC
personnel;
(E) An individual performing private security functions has come
under attack including in cases where a weapon is discharged against an
individual performing private security functions or personnel
performing such functions believe a weapon was so discharged; or
(F) Active, non-lethal counter-measures (other than the discharge
of a weapon) are employed by PSC personnel in response to a perceived
immediate threat in an incident that could significantly affect U.S.
objectives with regard to the military mission or international
relations.
(vi) The independent review and, if practicable, investigation of
incidents reported pursuant to paragraphs (a)(1)(v)(A) through
(a)(1)(v)(F) of this section and incidents of alleged misconduct by PSC
personnel.
(vii) Identification of ultimate criminal jurisdiction and
investigative responsibilities, where conduct of U.S.G.-funded PSCs or
PSC personnel are in question, in accordance with applicable laws to
include a recognition of investigative jurisdiction and coordination
for joint investigations (i.e., other U.S.G. agencies, host nation, or
third country agencies), where the conduct of PSCs and PSC personnel is
in question.
(viii) A mechanism by which a commander of a combatant command may
request an action by which PSC personnel who are non-compliant with
contract requirements are removed from the designated operational area.
(ix) Interagency coordination of administrative penalties or
removal, as appropriate, of non-DoD PSC personnel who fail to comply
with the terms and conditions of their contract, as is applicable to
this part.
(x) Implementation of the training requirements contained below in
paragraph (a)(2)(ii) of this section.
(2) Specifically cover:
(i) Matters relating to authorized equipment, force protection,
security, health, safety, and relations and interaction with locals in
accordance with DoD Instruction 3020.41, ``Contractor Personnel
Authorized to Accompany the U.S. Armed Forces.''
(ii) Predeployment training requirements addressing, at a minimum,
the identification of resources and assistance available to PSC
personnel as well as country information and cultural training, and
guidance on working with host country nationals and military personnel.
(iii) Rules for the use of force and graduated force procedures.
(iv) Requirements and procedures for direction, control and the
maintenance of communications with regard to the movement and
coordination of PSCs and PSC personnel, including specifying
interoperability requirements. These include coordinating with the
Chief of Mission, as necessary, private security operations outside
secure bases and U.S. diplomatic properties to include movement control
procedures for all contractors, including PSC personnel.
(b) Availability of Guidance and Procedures. The geographic
Combatant Commander shall ensure the guidance and procedures prescribed
in paragraph (a) of this section are readily available and accessible
by PSCs and their personnel (e.g., on a Web page and/or through
contract terms), consistent with security considerations and
requirements.
(c) Subordinate Guidance and Procedures. The Subordinate Commander,
in consultation with the Chief of Mission, will issue guidance and
procedures implementing the standing combatant command publications
specified in paragraph (a) of this section, consistent with the
situation and operating environment.
(d) Consultation and Coordination. The Chief of Mission and the
geographic Combatant Commander/Subordinate Commander shall make every
effort to consult and coordinate responses to common threats and common
concerns related to oversight of the conduct of U.S.G.-funded PSC and
their personnel. The Memorandum of Agreement between the Department of
Defense and Department of State on U.S.G. Private Security Contractors
\13\ shall provide the framework for the development of guidance and
procedures without regard to the specific locations identified therein.
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\13\ Available at http://www.acq.osd.mil/log/PS/p_vault.html.
Dated: July 14, 2009.
Patricia L. Toppings,
OSD Federal Register Liaison Officer, Department of Defense.
[FR Doc. E9-17059 Filed 7-16-09; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 5001-06-P
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