From the Radio Free Michigan archives ftp://141.209.3.26/pub/patriot If you have any other files you'd like to contribute, e-mail them to bj496@Cleveland.Freenet.Edu. ------------------------------------------------ +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ + GRRR! Newsletter - Volume 94, Edition 2 + +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ --December 15, 1994-- Government REFORM REFORM REFORM! The purpose of this Newsletter is to track the progress of the agenda and actions that are coalescing now to "Take Our Country Back!" The format will mostly consist of a table of issues which is explained in detail below, and editorials submitted by various "associate editors" who may from time to time make a contribution to this effort. One of the goals I have for this effort is to serve as a watchdog, and as much as possible--a defining force helping to form a "center" and "coalition" of the Government Reform Movement which is growing in the Republic of the United States of America. Editor: Robert Bryan Reinhardt (Abingdon, Maryland) Email: breinhar@tomahawk.welch.jhu.edu Anonymous FTP: tomahawk.welch.jhu.edu:pub/politics/reform ---- Editor's Opening comments: I promised someone that I would attempt to include the entire Republican Party Platform from 1992 into this edition, but I have not had the time in the past month to work on this. Hopefully, I will in the future. However, note that there are changes to this now that the "first draft" is out of the way; since I have received some constructive feedback. I have noted some Republican (non-Contract) positions as input was received on well known positions. I modified the references to "UWSA" to refer to "Ross Perot" and using "P" instead of "U" to indicate same because an issue was brought to my attention over the legal ownership of the term "UWSA." Not having the time to research the individual's claim myself and having received no response to the question from anyone on USENET alt.politics.perot, I simply chose to make this correction. In reality, I really am only reviewing the items from Ross Perot's book in any case; not something which was generated by "his organization," it would be great if the organization would actually produce something like that because I think it would be more relevant than merely using his book as a reference. I have received the bulk of the specific input on the tables regarding Libertarian Party positions on items I had not previously scored, and a couple of new items. Additionally, I have started using "0" where I have received input from others indicating that "0" really is the best answer. I still need your help in refining (and completing) the scores on the items in this table, and even to add new items not listed. So, please feel free to send me return email with your comments. -------------------------------------------------- TABLE OF REFORM ISSUES - RANKED BY CONSENSUS SCORE -------------------------------------------------- I embarked on this project because after the past couple years of listening to the Ross Perot, the Libertarian Party, some Republicans, and now the Constitution Party; all of whom seem to be working for the common goal--I had to ask the inevitable question... +++Can't we all work together?+++ The original information was derived from the following sources used as reference: The 1994 Republican "Contract With America," the 1992 book _United_We_Stand_ by Ross Perot, the 1994 Libertarian Party Platform, and the 1994 Constitution Party Platform. With subsequent editions, these tables will also reflect changes submitted by various contributors (see acknowledgements section). Also, to the extent that there are other organizations with a depth of positions on issues such as the Democratic Leadership Council, etc. (i.e. not just one or two issue SIG's), I would like to be pointed in the direction of documents containing their positions and ideas (if any new ones) regarding reform of the Government. (You can abstain from sending me someone's idea of reform if it means _increasing_ the role of Government or reducing individual freedoms, etc.). I am seeking to be more inclusive in the discussion of reform, but I mean reform _against_ the socialist "big brother" agenda, not the socialist version of reform. I felt this needed clarification. I will need help in updating and maintaining this, as well I would appreciate one-paragraph submissions of "editorials" reporting on progress or lack of it on these issues within the political spectrum. So, the call for "Associate Editors" goes out. Send me email if you're interested in helping with this on an ongoing (probably monthly) basis. I have attempted to list a brief one-liner of every agenda item espoused by each of the references. The entries in the table uses the following format: R P L C # ----------------- O - AnAnAnAnAn # # # # # Where "O" is one or more "sponsoring" organizations, consisting of: R "Republican Party" P "Ross Perot" L "Libertarian Party" C "Constitution Party" Where "AnAnAnAnAnAn" is a brief description of the specific issue, and Where "#" is a numeric value illustrating the value of each organizations position on the specific issue. In the last column, # is the total of all the organizations studied to find a value, which I use to sort these tables by, giving an illustration of those issues which we as a coalition most agree on, to the least. The # values I used mean the following: 2 "Directly Compatible in Principle" or "Specifically in their agenda" 1 "Compatible with their overall movement" 0 "No clear opinion on the issue" or "No guess was made (by me)" -1 "Directly Incompatible in Principle" or "Specifically opposed in their agenda" Note: The reason I did not make the scale from {2...-2} is because my goal is to emphasize the "Coalition" of these collective agendas, with less concern over those items which are in conflict. I believe, with the -1 scoring for those items, they items will show up clearly enough. I don't want to focus on what we disagree on, but what we AGREE on. The only difference from the above key to this table is that in the left most character of the description column, I indicate by "O" one or more organizations who directly sponsor the issue in their agenda; for the "Republican Contract With America" (the only part of the Republican agenda used in this study so far) these are indicated by a number 0-10, which corresponds to the points in the "Contract," 0 indicates all the issues that were specified as occuring on "day one" of the new Congress. "Abbreviation" of the issues and the "scoring" for each organization relative to each is purely opinion (mostly mine) based on interpretation of the reference documents. Each document has it's varying degrees of clarity and conciseness, so this is a challenge. Most "0" scores are indicated by a blank space " " to hopefully make this a little easier to read. In some cases P, L, or C, I may have simply chosen not to render a guess if I could not clearly tell using the references at hand. In the case of R (the Republicans) I only put a score on those issues that they specifically define in their "Contract," of course these are all "2's". This was done for two reasons. One is that I want this to contrast the _current_ Republican agenda so that we can all see where we stand relative to them, since they are the ones we need to CLOSELY WATCH during the next two years. Secondly, after a couple revisions to this I hope this becomes clean enough a document that I can submit it to representatives of the Republican Party to give them a chance to "score" themselves, in public if you will. Inquiring minds want to know. (If they don't, then eventually we will do it for them). I hope this isn't too complicated. After discussion, and several working "revisions" it should get easier to manage and we can use this as a tool in our efforts to "Work Together" to "Take Our Country Back". This isn't easy to do in ASCII text for generic electronic distribution, but the effort is worth it I think. I know that there is some readibility problems with the tables, I hope to get software in the future which will help me do a better job with this. For now, please bear with me (I'm not using tabs, so the format shouldn't leave much open for translation). R P L C # --------------------- CONGRESS RULES TO CHANGE ON DAY 1 0 - Comprehensive audit of Congress 2 2 2 2 8 0,P - Cut number of house committee staff by 1/3 2 2 2 2 8 0 - Require committee meetings open to the public 2 2 2 2 8 0 - All laws apply equally to members of Congress 2 2 1 2 7 0 - Require 3/5 majority to pass any tax increases 2 1 1 1 5 0 - Implement zero-baseline budgeting 2 1 1 1 5 0 - Limit the terms of committee chairs 2 1 1 1 5 0 - Ban proxy voting in committee 2 1 1 1 5 R P L C # --------------------- BUDGET AND SPENDING REFORM 1 - Amendment - Tax limitation 2 2 2 2 8 1,L - Amendment - Balanced budget 2 2 2 1 7 P,L,C - Don't fund unneeded programs 2 2 2 6 1,P - Amendment - line-item veto 2 2 1 1 6 10 - Additional savings in budget to offset costs 2 1 1 1 5 P - 15% cut in discretionary spending 2 1 1 4 P - Normalize the federal retirement system 2 1 1 4 L - No public funding of communications orgs. 2 2 L - Sunset provisions on spending programs 2 2 R P L C # --------------------- CRIMINAL JUSTICE AND RIGHTS REFORM 2 - Crime truth-in-sentencing 2 2 2 2 8 2 - Good-faith exclusionary rule exemptions 2 1 1 1 5 L,C - Repeal laws restr. use of private property 1 2 2 5 C - Policy reform, uphold State's rights 1 2 2 5 C - Punish guilty, show society leniency 2 1 2 5 2 - Fund prison construction & law enforcement 2 1 0 1 4 2 - Effective death penalty provisions 2 1 0 1 4 2 - Cut in social spending from recent crime bill 2 1 1 4 P - Violent offenders 3 strikes and out; no parole 2 1 1 4 P - Literacy & Skills pre-req. for prisoner release 2 1 1 4 L,C - Law enforcement uphold Individual rights 2 2 4 L - Cease practice of pre-trial seizure of property 2 2 4 L - Repeal any law that restricts freedom of speech 2 2 4 L,C - Uphold the RKBA and other self-defense 2 2 4 L - Respect freedom of religion; treat all equally 2 2 4 L,C - Respect the privavy of information on people" 2 2 4 L,C - Oppose any form of government ID card" 2 2 4 L,C - Oppose universal use of SSN for personal ID" 2 2 4 L,C - Repeal all laws regulating drugs and vitamins" 2 2 4 L,C - Repeal laws pertaining to "victimless" crimes -1 2 2 3 P,L - Abortion is a woman's choice -1 2 2 3 P - Abortion educ. for prev. & Incentives for adoption 2 1 3 L - Ban law enforcement "instant-punishment" 2 2 L - Uphold individual's rights to self-defense 2 2 L - Cohabitation not a defense against rape charges 2 2 L - Ban involuntary committment to mental institutions 2 2 L - Stop funding R&D in behavioral research & treatment 2 2 L - Repeal National Firearms Act of 1934 2 2 L - Repeal Federal Gun Control Act of 1968 2 2 L - Stop & Ban compulsory youth service programs 2 2 L - Ban laws restr. private R&D of encryption methods 2 2 L - Cease selective service compulsory registration 2 2 L - Amnesty to all who have been accused of draft evasion 2 2 L - Stop discharging service members for being homosexual 2 2 L - Repeal the UCMJ, military has same rights as rest 2 2 L - Amnesty for all who have entered the U.S.A. illegally 2 2 L - Repeal all laws that use any basis of discrimination 2 2 L - Reform rights of Native American Indians 2 2 P - Drug treatment to help addicts recover 2 0 2 P - Mandatory drug testing for prisoners 2 -1 1 P - Give Drug War Chief more budget/enforce authority 2 -1 -1 R P L C # --------------------- WELFARE & ENTITLEMENT REFORM 3 - Prohibit welfare to minor mothers 2 2 2 2 8 3 - Deny increased AFDC for additional children 2 2 2 2 8 3 - Two years and out provisions with work req. 2 2 2 2 8 3 - Cut spending for welfare programs 2 2 1 2 7 C - Return the job of charity to charitable orgs. 2 2 2 6 7 - Raise social security earnings limit 2 1 1 1 5 7 - Repeal 1993 tax hikes to S.S. benefits 2 1 1 1 5 C - Phase out the Social Security program 1 2 2 5 C - Eliminate Entitlement Programs 1 2 2 5 P - Control costs of Social Security 2 1 1 4 P - Control costs of government retirement 2 1 1 4 P - Control costs of medicare 2 1 1 4 P - Control costs of medicaid 2 1 1 4 7 - Tax incentives for private long-term insurance 2 1 0 -1 2 P - Raise medicare taxes for wages >$130,000 2 -1 1 P - Form a public/private partnership in health care 2 -1 -1 R P L C # --------------------- FAMILY REINFORCEMENT REFORM 4 - Rights of parents in childrens education 2 1 2 2 7 5 - American dream savings accounts 2 2 1 1 6 4 - Elderly dependant care tax credit 2 1 1 1 5 5 - $500 per child tax credit 2 1 1 1 5 5 - Repeal of marriage tax penalty 2 1 1 1 5 4 - Child support enforcement 2 2 1 5 4 - Stronger child pornography laws 2 1 3 L - Respect childrens rights; never wards of the State 2 1 3 4 - Tax incentives for adoption 2 1 -1 -1 1 R P L C # --------------------- FOREIGN AFFAIRS AND DEFENSE REFORM 6 - No U.S.A. troops under U.N. command 2 1 2 2 7 6,C - Strengthen national defense and funding 2 1 -1 2 4 P - Foreign govt's should pay their share of US presence2 1 1 4 P - Reform the UN, NATO, GATT, IMF, & World Bank 2 1 1 4 P - Implement Fair Free Trade Agreements 2 1 1 4 C - Non-interference in affairs of other nations -1 2 2 3 L - Abolish U.S. Court of International Trade 2 2 P - Help countries that seek to stabilize pop. growth 2 -1 -1 R P L C # --------------------- ECONOMY AND BUSINESS REFORM 8 - Unfunded mandates reform 2 2 2 2 8 8 - Capital gains cut and indexation 2 1 2 1 6 8 - Strengthen the regulatory flexibility act 2 1 1 1 5 L,C - Repeal all tariffs and quotas 1 2 2 5 8 - S.B.A. Risk assessment/ c.b.a. 2 1 3 P - Reform banking regulation to ease credit 2 1 3 P - No capital gains tax for small business 2 1 3 P - Stop subsidizing mining & timber industries 2 1 3 L - Halt inflationary money policies 1 2 3 L - Remove all gov't impediments to free trade 1 2 3 L - Repeal all controls on wages, prices, production 1 2 3 L - Uphold right to have employee unions 2 1 3 L - Ban gov't "back to work" orders 2 1 3 L - Repeal consumer protection; which just dictates 2 1 3 P - Tax incentives for small business 2 1 3 P - Enterprise zones to rebuild inner cities 2 1 3 8 - S.B.A. Neutral cost recovery 2 2 L - Repeal and ban "no-fault" life insurance 2 2 L - Repeal "Blue Sky" laws which repress risky ventures 2 2 L - Repeal "Insider Trading" Laws 2 2 L - Abolish the F.T.C.; gov't stop authorizing monopolies 2 2 L - Repeal Robinson, Patman, Sherman, Clayton AT laws 2 2 L - Policy of strict separation of "business & state" 2 2 L - Privatize or abolish S.B.A. and other gov't loan orgs. 2 2 L - Remove all legal privilege from public utilities 2 2 8 - Small business incentives 2 1 -1 2 P - Make public investments for technology R&D 2 -1 1 P - Incentives to develop environmental solutions 2 -1 1 P - Assist communities transition from industries 2 -1 1 P - Energy & Fuel conservation program 2 -1 1 P - Incentives for alternative energy devlopment 2 -1 1 R P L C # --------------------- LEGAL REFORM L,C - Judges inform jury's of their sovereignty; FIJA 2 2 4 C - Government cannot leg. morality; keep law a-religious 2 2 4 C - Maintain strong local police forces 1 1 2 4 9 - Loser pays laws for legal reform 2 1 3 9 - Reasonable limites on punitive damages 2 1 3 9 - Reform of product liability laws 2 1 3 L - End the doctrine of "Sovereign Immunity" for the Gov't 2 1 3 L - Ban court orders gagging news of criminal proceedings 2 1 3 L - Permit victims to direct prosecution in criminal cases 2 2 L - Gov't restitution of personal losses when found innocent2 2 L - Judiciary allow pre-emptory challenge of judges 2 2 L - Criminal restitution for victims when convicted 2 2 L - Reform jury to all-volunteer only 2 2 L - Ban use of "insanity" as a defense from guilt 2 2 L - Abolish Congressional "sub-poena" power" 2 2 R P L C # --------------------- POLITICAL REFORM 10 - Term limits 2 2 1 5 P - Hold elections on Saturday & Sunday 2 1 3 P - Release no info. until all polls close 2 1 3 L - Stop using gov't secrecy to keep info. from public 2 1 3 L - End gov't control over political parties 2 1 3 P - Reform FEC, from 6 to 5 members, stagger terms 2 2 P - Shorten campaign season to 5 months 2 2 P - Make voter registration easier 2 2 P - Eliminate electoral college; use popular vote 2 2 P - Ban foreign campaign contributions 2 2 P - Rewrite foreign registration & lobbying laws 2 2 P - Forbid former off. from rcving foreign money 2 2 P - Reorganize the legislative process 2 2 P - Turn in excess funds to the Treasury 2 2 P - Implement an electronic town hall 2 2 P - Reform gov't hiring & firing policies 2 2 P - Require equal free air time for federal cand. 2 -1 1 P - Restrict Campaign contributions to $1000 2 -1 1 P - Curb Political Action Committees 2 -1 1 R P L C # --------------------- TAX REFORM P - Equalize and simplify our tax code 2 1 1 4 L,C - Repeal the 16th amendment 2 2 4 C - Abolish IRS; return to excise taxes; nat'l sales tax 2 2 4 P - Eliminate farm subs. for giant corporations 2 1 3 P - Limit mortgage deductions to $<250,000 2 2 P - Reform lax tax treatment for foreign companies 2 2 P - Raise marginal tax rate on very wealthy 2 -1 1 P - Increase tobacco & gasoline taxes 2 -1 1 R P L C # --------------------- EDUCATION REFORM P - Treat parents as consumers of education 2 2 1 5 L - Repeal compulsory attendance in public schools 2 1 3 L - Transition education delievery to private agencies 2 2 P - Nat'l education standards; schools accountable 2 0 2 P - Establish comprehensive pre-school program 2 2 R P L C # --------------------- OTHER GOVERNMENT INSTITUTION REFORM C - Audit of the U.S.A. gold reserves 1 2 2 5 L - Congressional investigation of CIA and FBI 2 1 3 L - Repeal all monetary legal tender laws 2 1 3 L - Abolish the Federal Reserve 2 1 3 L - Abolish the F.D.I.C. 2 1 3 L - Abolish the F.H.L.B.S. 2 1 3 L - Abolish the R.T.C. 2 1 3 L - Abolish the N.C.U.A. 2 1 3 L - Abolish the N.C.U.C.L.F. 2 1 3 L - Abolish the FCC; people own the airwaves 2 2 L - Abolish the CIA 2 2 L - Abolish the BATF 2 2 L - Abolish the INS and Border Patrol 2 2 L - Abolish the S.E.C. 2 2 L - Abolish the D.E.A. 2 2 L - Oppose gov't regulation of energy 2 2 L - Abolish the N.R.C. and D.O.E. 2 2 L - Abolish E.P.A.; make polluters responsible for cleanup 2 2 ------------------------------------ EDITORIALS AND LETTERS TO THE EDITOR ------------------------------------ I edited some of the responses merely by "snipping" out sections that removed text that seemed to pit one group against another, as it is my aim here in this Newsletter to work toward the coalition/consensus viewpoints, and although identify the areas of disagreement, not to focus on those items at this time. (Yes, I guess I am invoking a bit of "editorial privilege" here). I will comment that from the bulk of the letters I received there is notable dissatisfaction among the "Libertarians" for the lack of "liberty sided views" or "social program leanings" of Ross Perot; and likewise I noted several Perot supporters who have a negative opinion of "disgruntled Libertarians." Two things. One, I would like to ask the contributing "associate editors" out there to submit a 1 or 2 paragraph letter on the areas that Ross Perot (and organization) do agree with the Libertarians and likewise editorials on the areas that Libertarians agree with Perot positions. In doing this, I'm asking the contributor not to focus on their own platform, but those of the other group and find those things which are compatible. Secondly, I would also like you to submit in the same format an editorial of why you think the "other group" misunderstands "your group" and if possible suggest objective ways we can work out the misunderstandings or agree to disagree on a few things. No, I'm not an armchair psychologist, I really do want your input on these questions. I hope to get enough opinions on both side that are articulated well enough to use as editorials in the next edition. ==== From pete@corp.cirrus.com Mon Nov 21 14:25 EST 1994 2 - Crime truth-in-sentencing 2 2 2 2 8 Its a matter of timing. I _will_not_ support any criminal justice reform for truth-in-sentencing until _after_ we dispose of the War On Drugs. The reason is very simple - we will flood our jails and prisons to an even greater extent, turn loose even more violent criminals who are already in jail (and thus not subject to T.I.S. rules) in order to make space for all the new TIS-covered drug crimes (which shouldn't be crimes at all). Thanks for your efforts, Pete ==== ==== From ericbl@microsoft.com Mon Nov 21 16:24 EST 1994 I read your newsletter with great interest. I won't quibble with the details of your analysis, but I do have a couple of comments: Giving the GOP 2 years to straighten out the mess that the Democrats took more than 40 years to create is just a bit unrealistic. This is especially true considering that Klinton is still the president and that much reform legislation which has been sponsored by GOP governors over the last several years has been blocked by leftist judges at the behest of welfare rights groups and others. Please put me on your mailing list. ericbl@microsoft.com ==== ==== From ABA001@aol.com Sun Nov 20 19:59 EST 1994 Response to Times Picayune editorial of 11/20/94. What are you afraid of? Are you afraid that the American public will have time to weed through the 22,000 pages of this agreement to find the things you aren't telling us about? Are you afraid that the public will find that GATT will take full authority for certain foreign trade rules away from our own Congress; a move which is unconstitutional? Are you afraid that GATT will actually cost the American citizen rather than benefit as you have stated? Phyllis Schlafly, president of Eagle Forum, sites US gov't. estimates that GATT will cost $40 billion in lost tariff revenues, during the decade that you claim a $100 billion boost to income. Where is the discrepancy? This treaty has been in existence for years. Why has it been rejected by several U.S. Presidents, and since presidential approval, been rejected by several congresses? Why do we need to approve this treaty in a lame duck session, where many who vote for it have nothing to fear from an angry public? Why does it need to be brought to the floor in a "fast-track" status where debate is not allowed? Something which you profess to be so great for the American public can certainly stand the test of scrutiny, so why don't you, or so many others, want this scrutiny to take place? I seems to me that the method of handling this huge treaty, which you are professing, is exactly the reason so many incumbents were removed from the congress, less than three weeks back. And possibly also why Americans have demonstrated a mis-trust of the media. Respectfully, Alfred B. Alcock Jr. aka ABA00@aol.com ==== ==== From: breinhar@tomahawk.welch.jhu.edu (Robert B. Reinhardt) A New Third Party or A New Second Party? Is it possible to win in 1996 with a new party that attempts to defeat both the Democrats and the Republicans? Can the Perot supporters, Libertarians, Constitutionalists, and other Patriotic parties form a coalition to accomplish this? Can the "third party" objective truly succeed if they don't? Even if they do, can a new third party get a larger plurality of the vote than either the Democrats or Republicans, or will it be 1994 all over again, with the independant's helping to keep the Socialists in power? Is it possible to continue as independant groups (parties or not) to keep putting policy pressure on both parties? Is it possible to take an alternative strategy of the third party idea above and instead work together to "take over" the Republican Party in order to form a "new second party?" I think the latter is what seems to be happening (at least partially) today within the Republican Party. The Republican Liberty Caucus (a growing libertarian arm within the Republican Party is doing a lot toward this end). I think we need to continue this approach, and in the meantime still work together to be prepared to coalesce to form a new "third party" by the end of 1995, if it doesn't appear the more moderate strategy will truly work to take our country back from the socialists. Stay tuned to the GRRR! Newsletter for more on these concepts in the coming months. If it hasn't happened yet, I think it's about time that Ross Perot, Ron Paul, Aaron Russo, et al. sit down and do lunch a few times. After they get their act worked out together, then this group should do more than have lunch with Senator Dole, Senator Gramm, and Newt Gingrich. Regards, Bob Reinhardt (GRRR! Editor) ==== ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ---------------- I received 13 responses to the first edition distribution, of which only one was negative, and several offered additional assistance and feedback. Specifically, I want to thank the following contributors to this edition. I will further point out, that merely by mentioning these individuals as contributors in no way infers any liability on them nor should anyone assume that they support the complete contents of this Newsletter, merely by providing contributing feedback. Eric Blankenburg David Burton Pete Carpenter Vernon Imrich Jay Woods Alfred B. Alcock Jr. NOTE: The POSTNEWS alias seen in the original header of this message is not a real mailing list, and replies to that address will bounce. Send any replies to: "breinhar@tomahawk.welch.jhu.edu" ---- Copyright (c) 1994 by Robert Bryan Reinhardt You may redistribute this document freely provided that you include the entire original text without modification. +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ + GRRR! Newsletter - Volume 94, Edition 2 + +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ --December 15, 1994-- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- O FOOLISH Ga-la'tians, who hath bewitched you, that you should not obey the truth, before whose eyes Jesus Christ hath been evidently set forth, crucified among you?--This only would I learn of you, Received ye the Spirit by the works of the law, or by the hearing of faith?--Are ye so foolish? having begun in the Spirit, are ye now made perfect by the flesh?--Have ye suffered so many things in vain? if _it be_ yet in vain.--He therefore that ministereth to you the Spirit, and worketh miracles among you, _doeth he it_ by the works of the law, or by the hearing of faith? ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- / / Without Prejudice, UCC 1-207 /__,_ _ o ____ /_ __. __ Robert Bryan Reinhardt /_) (_