Interlacustrine Zone, 48, 61–64, 123

International Bank for Reconstruction, 193

International exchange system, 76

International law, 77

International trade, 15, 75–82, 111, 114, 164–173, see also European trade

International Union of Students, 275

Investment, 23–25

American, 193–195

foreign, 22–25, 136, 152, 210–211, 284

Ireland, 136

Iron, 40, 42–44, 56

Iron-age society, 63

Iron industry, 43, 177, 231

Iron mining, 52, 55

Iron ore, 153, 177–178

Ironworkers, 42, 44, 47, 52, 63, 132, 231

Irrigation, 41, 61, 63, 66

Isandhlwana, battle of, 129

Islam, 35, 53–55, 59, 64, 114, 133, 242, 249, 266

Kharijite, 54

Sunni, 54

Italian Eritrea, 198

Italian Renaissance, 122

Italy, 18, 136, 196

Ivory, 76–77, 84, 106, 112–113, 132, 153, 186

Ivory Coast 17, 58, 103, 111, 234

colonial education in, 263, 269

during colonialism, 167, 199, 234

Izanusi (witchcraft diviners), 131

Izimpi (Zulu army regiment), 130–131

Jaja, 137

Jalée, Pierre, 24, 201

James, C. L. R., 89

Japan, 11, 20, 22, 24–25, 50, 106–107, 116, 168, 177, 190, 193–194

African trade with, 23

Japanese capitalism, 106

Japanese feudal army, 7

Japanese industry, 106

Japanese military, 175

Jenne, 56, 59

Jesus (ship), 83

Jews, 89, 196, 200, 244, 249

John Holt (company), 156

John III, King of Portugal, 107

John Walken & Co. Ltd., 156

Johnston, Henry, 140, 252

Jones, Alfred, 170

Jordan, Winthrop, 91

Jos. Hansen (company), 157

“Juju”, 231

Julius Caesar, 129

Jurgens, 181, 184–185

Kabaka (of Buganda), 124, 159, 226

Kaffa cultivators, 33

Kalahari Desert, 33

Kamakuras of Japan, 46

Kamina, 198

Kampala, Uganda, 157

Kanem-Bornu empire, 59–60

Kante clan, 57

K.A.R., 187–189

Karagwe region, 62–64, 123, 125

Katanga, Congo, 153, 208

Katanga copper, 42–43

Katangese people, 101

Kaunda, Kenneth, 280

Kayamba, Martin, 269

Kente cloth, 107

Kenya, 16, 47, 229

colonial education in, 242–244, 265–266, 271, see also Beecher report

during colonialism, 151, 154, 157, 161, 164–165, 167, 206, 210, 229, 233

Ketu (Yoruba state), 240

Khaldun, Ibn, 53

Kharijite Islam, 54

Kharijite revolt, 54

Khoi Khoi herdsmen, 128

Khoisan hunter-gatherers, 33

Kieran, J. A., 70

Kigeri IV, Muami of Rwanda, 126

Kikuyu Independent Schools Association, 266, 271

Kikuyu Karinga Education Association, 266, 271

Kikuyu people, 47, 165, 265

Kimambo, Isaria, 146

Kimbangu, Simon, 275

King’s Aman Rifles, 187, 260

King’s College Budo (Uganda), 260

Kinshasa, 27

Kinship, 36–37, 45, 228–229

Kipande pass, 151

Kitchen (author), 281

Knights, European, 6

Komsomol, 258

Kongo, 42–43, 80, 100, 107, 133–134, see also Congo

Koranic education, 240, 242

Korea, 11–12

Kraals, 65, 129, 133

Kurunmi, 116

Kush (state), 51–52

Kwango River, 80

Kwashiorkor, 236–237

Labor, 19, 24, 36–37, 41, 52

African, 23, 93, 96, 149–158, 160–165, 261

African slave, 82–92

under colonialism, 149–158, 160–163, 165, 261

corvée, 46

division of, 43–44, 47, 61–62, 117, 174, 177–179, 219, 232, 234

family, 55, 62

farm, 149, 151, 154, 158

forced, 165–167, 170

military, 117, 127

mine, 149–151

organization of, 39, 78

plantation, 149

Labor mobilization, 55, 61

Labouret, Henri, 70

Lagos, 118

Lake Albert, 61

Lake Edward, 61

Lake Geroge, 61

Lake kingdoms, East African, 61, 225

Lake Victoria, 61

Lamizana, Colonel, 276

Lancashire, England, 85, 160, 231

Land, 13, 36–37

Land distribution in China, 9

Land grants, 48, 62

Landless class, 49, 60

Landlord class, 8, 36, 51

Landlord/serf social relations, 8, 49

Landlords, feudal, 8, 39, 41, 49

Land of the Blacks, 56

Land tenure, 41, 46, 48, 118

Latin America, 16, 83, 160, 176, 180, 194, 201

Latin American history, 27

Latin American wealth, 14

Lead mining, 55

League of Nations, 188

Leather, 44, 49, 55

Moroccan, 42

Lebanese in West Africa, 154–155

Lenin, 176

Leopold II, King of Belgium, 138, 153, 167, 191

Leo X, Pope, 107

Leprosy, 238

Lesieur group, 159

Lesotho, 129, 238

Leventis, 216

Lever, William H., 180–181

Lever Bros., 181, 183, 185, 211

Liberia, 58, 192–193

during colonialism, 153–154, 178, 181, 226, 234

Liberty, Equality, Fraternity, 89, 223, 275

Libya, 196, 198

Lifebuoy soap, 181

Limpopo River, 65

Lineages, 37, 45

Lipton Tea, 185

Lisbon, Portugal, 86

Liverpool, England, 77, 85, 156, 159, 161, 180

Livestock, 40, 45, 51, 56

Livingstone, David, 140, 221

Livingstonia (Malawi), 248, 260

“Living wage”, 150

Lloyds, 85, 211

Lloyds Bank, 162

Loango, 103

London, 27, 107, 156, 218, 230, 280

Lourenco Marques (fort), Mozambique, 144

L’Ouverture, Toussaint, 247

Lovedu of Transvaal, 227

Lozi, 225

Luanda (fort), Angola, 144

Luba-Lunda states, 134

Lugard (Lord), 272

Lumumba, 278, 287

Luo people, 122

Lupa goldfields, 207

Lusaka, 280

Lux soap, 181

Lycée Gallieni (Madagascar), 260

Lycee Louis le Grand, 259

Lyons, France, 231

Lyttleton, Oliver, 172

Mac Fisheries, 185

Machinery, 41–42, 104, 106, 135–136, 231, 234

Mclver, W. B., 181

Mackinnon and Mackenzie, 156

Macmillan, Harold, 259

Madagascar, 134, 188, 225, 274

colonial education in, 257

Merina kingdom of, 134, 140

Madhvani, 15, 216

Madja people, 165

Maghreb, 53–55, 59, 64, 68, 110, 116

communalism in, 55

Islam in, 53–55

brasswork of, 55

Mahdist Sudan, 225

Mailo (Uganda), 229

Maji Maji War, 200

Makerere University, 245, 260

Makonde Ngoma, 34

Malagasy people, 134, 140, 257, 274

Malawi, 16, 100

colonial education in, 248 see also Nyasaland

Malaya, 171

Mali, 41, 56–61, 68, 155, 227

Malnutrition, 236–238, see also Famine

Mameluk dynasty, 48–49

Manchester, England, 156

Mandinga cultivators, 42, 45, 58

Mandinga Djola traders, 110

Mandinga townsmen, 33

Manganese, 152–153, 192

Manuel I, King of Portugal, 107

Manufacturers, European, 159–160, 180–185

Manuring, green, 40

Manuscripts, illuminated, 50

Mao Tse-tung, 287

Maoris, 35

Marathas of India, 46

Marco Polo, 103

Market economies, 24

Marketing Boards, see Produce

Marketing Boards

Markets, protected, 160

Marriage, 34

Marseilles, France, 156, 159

Marshall Plan, 194–195

Martinique, West Indies, 186

Marx, Karl, 6, 28, 38, 83, 90, 199, 220

Marxism, 28–29, 261

Marxists, 28, 38, 89–90, 201

Masai pastoralists, 238

Matabeleland, 225

Matamba (state), 80

Matrilineal society, 36

Mau Mau people, 210

Mau Mau War, 271

Maurel & Prom, 155

Maurel Brothers, 155

Mauritania, 54, 56, 103, 110, 155, 264

Mauritius, 97

Maury, Bishop, 75

Mazzini, 275

Means of production, 6, 123

Mecca, 64, 68

Medicine, 35, 206–207

Mediterranean Sea, 53, 59, 76, 101, 196

Medresas, 242

Memmi, Albert, 224, 229

Merina, kingdom of Madagascar, 134, 140

Meroe (state), 51–52

Mersey River, 184

Metropoles, 14, 25–26, 28–29, 76, 149, 160, 163, 173, 186, 199, 205, 234

Metropolitan countries, 27–28

Mhina, J. E., 146

Michael Cotts, 157

Micro-units, 70

Middle Ages in Europe, 37

Middle East, 175

Middle Passage, 96

Military

African induction into colonial, 144, 186–189

imperialist aspects of, 175

Military aspects of capitalism, 173–180

Military coups, 27

Military development, African, 113–135

Military installations, 198

Military labor, 117, 127

Military oligarchy in Egypt, 48

Military power, 27, 44, 78

Military scientific research, 175

Mill, John Stuart, 82, 177

Mine labor

African, 149–151

European, 150

Mineral resources, 20, 178–179, see also Raw materials

Mines de Zellidja, 195

Ming dynasty, 46

Mining, 45, 57, 66–67, 152–153, 167, 178, 180, 191, 207, 210

antimony, 55

copper, 55, 57, 66

gold, see Gold mining

iron, 52, 55

lead, 55

salt, 57

Ministry of Food, 170–171

Ministry of Overseas France, 197, 267

Minstrels, 44

Missionaries, 114, 138–139, 143, 229, 252–254

Missionary education, 249, 252–253, 268

Mitchell, P. E., 272–273

Modes of production, 7, 11, 36, 38, 55, 69, 195, 197, 201

Mohammed (Prophet of Islam), 5, 53

Mohammed Ali, Duse, 176

Mohammed Ali of Egypt, 139, 143

Mombasa, Kenya, 157

Monasteries, 52

Monetary systems, 43

Money, 19, 44, 66

Money economy, 77, 208–209, 222, 231–235

Moneylenders, 55, 155

Monks, 240

Monoculture, 234–235

Monomotapa Empire, 65

Montejo, Estaban, 79

Montgomery, General, 189

Moors, 45

Morgan, J. P., 195

Moroccan leather, 42

Morocco, 16, 48, 54–55, 57, 103, 159

airbases in, 198

during colonialism, 151

Sultan of, 225

Moses, 50

Moslem education, 240, 266

Moslem religion, see Islam

Moslems, 37, 50, 52–53, 100

Moslem societies, slavery in, 38, 55

Mossi kingdom, 57, 59

“Mother country”, 149, 168, 185, 207

Moumini, Abdou, 249, 270, 281

Mount Kenya, 247

Mozambique, 65–66, 77, 100, 105, 134, 139

Beira (fort) in, 144

during colonialism, 163, 186, 191, 206, 226

Lourenço Marques (fort) in, 144

Mozambique Liberation Front (Frelimo), 205

Mpororo (Ankole), 126

Mulattos, 80

Multiplier effects, 108, 184–185

Mussolini, Benito, 249

Mutapa (state), 64, 67–68

Muzhik, 49

Mwami, ruler of Rwanda, 126

Mwene Mutapa, 67

My Lai, 90

Nairobi, 157, 198, 210

Namibia, 200, 218

Nana, 137–138

Napoleon, 129, 247

Nasser, Gamal, 277

Natal, 128–129

National & Grindlays, 164

National Bank of Belgium, 172

National income, 15, 19

Nationalism

African, 222

Moroccan, 54

National Provincial Bank, 163

Nation-states, 47, 55, 125, 222, 232

European, 145

Native Authority Ordinance, 166

Native Credit Ordinance, 155

NATO, see North Atlantic Treaty Organization

Natural environment, 21–22

Natural laws, 8, 288

Natural resources, 20, 22–24, 123, 153, see also African resources; Raw materials

Nature, 3–5, 8, 19

Nature of transition, 55

Navigation laws, English, 84

Nazis, 89

Needham, Joseph, 28

Neo-colonialism, 26–27, 236, 259–260

New England, 86–87

New Oyo, 116

New York, 27, 87, 161, 186, 250

New Zealand, 190, 251

Ngoni languages, 131

Ngoni people, 221

Nguni people, 134

Niger, 18, 56

Niger Company, 181–182, 184, 211

Nigeria, 41, 47, 56, 99, 109, 115–116, 137, 229, 276

colonial education in, 242

during colonialism, 150–151, 153, 156, 158–159, 167, 169, 206–207, 227–228, 232, 234, 242

Niger River, 56, 60, 247

Nile River, 51–52, 56, 78

Nkrumah, Kwame, 108, 159, 193, 201, 267–268, 280

Noblemen, Amharic, 50, 68

Nomads, 39, 60

North Africa

monetary system of, 43

role in European military of, 189

North America, 17, 20, 22, 34

African trade with, 23

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 198

Northern Rhodesia, 151, 153

colonial education in, 239, 241

North Korea, 224, 285

Norway, 24

NOSOCO, 156

NSCA, 156

Nubia, 48, 51–52

Nuclear power, 173

Nuclear weapons, 179, 197

Nupe, 43

Nurkse, Ragnar, 28

Nyasaland (Malawi), 187–189, 206, 254, 268, 275

Nyerere, Mwalimu, 280, 287

Nzigina, Queen of Matamba, 80

O.A.U., 283

Oba of Benin, 80, 121

Obligations, 36–37, 117

Odinga, Oginga, 280

Odonko-ba, 119

Ogboni (religious cult), 117

Ogot, B. A., 70, 146

Oil, 153

Oils and Fats Division of Ministry of Food, 170

Ojo, G. J. Afolabi, 71

Ologun (warchiefs), 117

Omar, Al Haj, 133

Oni of Ife, 121

Opium Wai 81

Oppenheimer, Harry F., 171, 176

Oral histories, 62

Oran, 232

Orthodox church, 50

Overseas Development Corporation, 215

Ownership, inequalities in, 6

Oxfam, 236–237

Oxford University, 54, 246

Oyo (state), 68, 102, 115–116, 118–120

Padmore, George, 201, 205, 277

Palaces, 65

Pan-Africanists, 176, 277

Pan-African movement, 275, 277

Panikkar, K. M, 70

Papermaking, 49

Paramount rulers, 226

Pares, Richard, 90

Paris, France, 27, 186, 230, 280

Parliament

British, 19, 168

French, 259

Parliaments, 10

Partition of Africa, 140, 190–191, 194, 271

Pastoralists, 33, 39, 45, 54, 57, 60, 62, 126

Ankoli, 238

Bahima, 62, 122, 125

Bahinda, 122–123

Batutsi, 125–128, 238

Galla, 33, 238

Masai, 238

Somali, 238

see also Shepherds

Patriarchal clans, 54

Patrilineal ties, 36

Pearson Commission Report, 285–286

Peasants, 10, 12, 19, 25, 27

Nubian, 52

European, 86, 218

Peasant revolts in Egypt, 49

Pellagra, 238

Per capita income, 15, 20

Perham, Margery, 278

Pernambuco, Brazil, 82

Persia, 49

Peters, Carl, 124, 140

Pharaohs, 48

Philips Exeter, 259

Philippines, 169

Philosophers, Buddhist, 5

Plantation economies, 97

Plantation economy, American, 82

Plantation labor, 149

Plow, 61

Pointe-Noire railway, 166, 209

Political development, African, 47, 113–135

Political independence, 27, 260–261, 268, 276–279

Political structures, 44

Polygamy, 253

Ponty, William, 257

Population, 13, 20, 56, 97–98

African, 97–98

American, 86

Asian, 97

Japanese, 98

Poro brotherhood, 239

Port Sunlight, 180

Porto-Novo, Dahomey, 139

Portugal, 82, 85–86, 136, 138, 186, 191, 196, 200, 212, 235

Islamic conquest of, 53

Portuguese colonial education, 244, 249

Portuguese colonialism, 167–168, 206, 244

Portuguese Guinea, 156, 186, 206

Portuguese traders, 58, 60, 76–77, 80, 109–111, 132

Postlethwayt, Malachi, 75

Pottery, 40, 42, 44, 52, 55

Poverty theory, viscious circle of, 28

Pre-colonial epoch, 103

Pre-feudal societies, 35

Priests, 240

Principle of contradiction, 261, 276

Principle of quantitative/qualitative change, 5–6

Process of change, 39

Procter & Gamble, 183

Produce Marketing Boards in Africa, 168–171, 264

Production, 39, 105–106

factors of, 13, 37, 56

means of, 6, 123

Proletariat, 39, 276

Protein famine, 17, 237

Protestant churches, 256

Prussia, 50, 116

Public health services, 17, 206–207

Puerto Rico, 193

Punjabis in British military, 187

Pygmies, 33

Pyramids, 52, 65

Qualitative changes, 5–6, 42, 135, 137

Quantitative/qualitative change, principle of, 5–6

Queen Mother, 60, 227

Queen Sister, 227

Raccah, 216

Racism

anti-semetic, 88–89, 196, 200, 249

white, 10, 21, 88, 125, 138, 141, 150, 176, 219, 228, 249, 272, 277

Railroads, 166, 209

Rainmakers, 39, 67

Rain-Queen, 227

Ralli Bros., 157

Rand Corporation, 208, 212

Ras (provincial princes), 51

Raw materials, 136, 156–157, 159–160, 171, 173–175, 177, 181, 191–193, 197, 218, see also Agricultural raw materials; Natural resources

Red Army, 197

Red Sea, 50

Religion, 35–36, 39, 45, 47, 50, see also Catholic Church; Christianity; Islam

African, 35, 64

as an aspect of the superstructure, 35, 114

Religious beliefs, 126

Religious cults, 117, 121

Renaissance, Italian, 122

Republic of Guinea, 80, see also Guinea

Republic of Sudan, 56

Resources

African, 25, 27, 149, 153

natural, 20, 22–24, 123, 153

Réunion, 97

Reverse lend-lease, 171

Revolts, slave, 8

Revolution, 8, 114, 199

French, 89, 121, 223, 256

social, 68

socialist, 11, 190

Revolutionary War, American, 87, 121

Revolutionary principles, 13

Rhine River, 247

Rhodes, Cecil, 65, 152, 163, 246

Rhodesia, 65, 163, 165, 233, see also Northern Rhodesia; Southern Rhodesia

Rhodesian Copper Belt Companies, 153

Rickets, 237

Rio Muni, 249

Robertsfield Airfield, 198

Rockefeller, John D., Sr., 255

Rodney, Walter, 146, 284, 286

Roman Empire, Holy, 8, 53, 119

Romanovs, 46

Rome, Italy, 66, 186

Rommel, Field Marshal, 189

Rothschilds, 195

Royal blood, 45–46, 227

Royal Commissions, 213, 229

Rozwi clan, 67–68

Rubber industry, 192–193

Rucart, Marc, 170

Rufisque, 142

Rugby, 259

Rujugira, Mwami of Rwanda, 126–127

Rulani cattlemen, 45

Rulers

paramount, 226

traditional, 226–227

Ruling classes, 8, 46–47

Runciman, Walter, 168

Rumania, 24

Russia, 11–13

Rwaabugiri, Mwami of Rwanda, 126

Rwanda, 123, 125–128, 240

Rwanda-Urundi, 244

Sabi River, 65

Sahara desert, 34, 45, 55, 57, 59, 61, 77

role in European military of, 189

trade routes in, 43

St. Louis, 142

St. Mark’s, 259

Saint Matthew, 21

St. Paul’s, 259

Salazar, Antonio, 196, 200

Salt industry, 43–44, 57

Samuri, Japanese, 6

Sandhurst Military Academy, 260

Sandringham, 247

Säo Tomé, 82

Sarraut, Albert, 257

Satellites, economic, 25, 76, 114

Savannah country, 56

Scandinavia, 35, 86, 251

Schict (company), 181, 185

Scholars, bourgeois, 83, 90, 103

Scholarship

African, 70

bourgois, 227

Schools

independent, 265–266, 271

initiation, 239, 270

self-help, 265–266, 271–272

Schweitzer, Albert, 250

Science, 10, 194

biological, 101

Scientific devices, Chinese, 5

Scientific knowledge, 40, 78, 173

Scientific research, 174–175, 221

military, 175

SCKN, 156, 182

SCOA, see Société Commerciale Ouest Africaine

Scott, Francis, 154

Scramble for Africa, 114, 137–138, 140, 152, 191, 253, 256

Sculpture, 35, 122

Scurvy, 207, 237

SDOM, see Financial Societies for the Development of Overseas Territories

Second World War, 7, 158, 167, 175, 179, 196, 277

African Front of, 189, 196

African roles in, 186–189

Asian Front of, 186

Secret societies, 44, 47

Self-help schools, 265–266, 271–272

Senegal, 54, 56, 59–60, 77, 100, 155–156, 234

colonial education in, 244

role in European military of, 188

Senegal River, 60, 110

Senegambia, 103, 110

Senghor, Leopold, 135

Serfs, 6–8, 36–37, 39, 60, 117–118, 123, 132

Egyptian (fellahin), 49, 237

Russian (muzhik), 49

Services, social, 17, 205–210, 214

Seville, Spain, 85–86

Seychelles Islands, 97, 226

Shaka, 128–133

Shambala people, 98

Shambas, 149, 157, 254

Shango (religious cult), 117

Shell Oil, 229

Shepherds, 55, see also Pastoralists

Shinnie, Margaret, 70

Ship of the Sahara (camel), 57, 59

Shipping, 175, 190

Shipping companies, 161–164, 168, 176, 190

Ships, slave, 77, 80–81, 83, 107, 111, 143

Shona-speaking dynasty, 67

Siemens open-hearth system, 177

Sierra Leone, 17, 42, 58, 77, 110

African return to, 143

colonial education in, 239, 242, 248, 263

during colonialism, 153, 166, 169, 177–178, 181, 187, 218

Creoles of, 141, 248

role in European military of, 186

Sierra Leone Grammar School, Mfantsipim (Ghana), 260

Sikhs in British military, 187

Silent trade, 57–58

Silver, 58, 83

Simon, Henry, 257

Sins of Our Fathers, 81

Slave artisans, 62

Slave Coast, 81–82

Slave colonies, West Indian, 87

Slave labor

African, 82–92

Egyptian, 65

Slavemaster/slave social relations, 8

Slave mines, 78

Slave plantations,

Cuban, 79

French, 84

Slave raiding, 59, 98–100, 105, 116–117, 119

Slave revolts, 8

Slavery, 34, 38, 69

in China, 38

in Europe, 6–8, 37

in India, 38

in the Indian Ocean, 89

in Moslem societies, 38, 55

in the United States, 87–88

in the West Indies, 86–87

Slaves, chattel, 60

Slave ships, 77, 80–81, 83, 107, 111, 143

Slaves in the Maghreb, 55

Slave trade, 97, 113–114

within Africa, 59–60, 105–106, 116–119

Arab, 95, 97, 143

cessation of, 137, 141

East African, 97

European, see European slave trade

Slave traders

African, 80–81, 99–100, 105–106

European, 78–81, 96, 98

Sloan (author), 281

Smallpox, 78, 97

Smith, Adam, 13

Smith Mackenzie (company), 156, 211

Soap, 159, 180–183

Social development, 4, 10, 12, 35, 39, 64, 66, 149

Social formations, 34, 36, 38–39, 45, 47, 54, 60, 63, 125, 128

Socialism, 7, 11–13, 24, 197, 224, 226

in Asia, 12

development of, 35

in Eastern Europe, 12

Socialist countries, 15, 23–24

Socialist revolution, 11, 190

Social relations, 7–8, 13, 36, 127, 216, 255

of capitalism, 232, 252–253

landlord/serf, 8, 49

of production, 41

Social services, 17, 205–210, 214

Social stratification, 44–46

Social violence in Africa, 57, 95, 98–99

Société Commerciale Ouest Africaine (SCOA), 155–156, 158, 190, 211

Société Générale, 153, 163

Societies, 33

Chinese, 5

human, 4, 10, 34, 37

Society of Reformist Ulema, 266, 272

Sofala, 66

Sokoto, Sultan of, 226

Sokoto empire, 133

Solomonic dynasty, 50

Somaliland, 196

Somali pastoralists, 238

Somali Youth League, 275

Songhai, 56–57, 59, 61, 68, 133

Sotho people, 67, 228, 250

South Africa, 16, 20, 26, 88, 152, 200, 246, 276

colonial education in, 250

during colonialism, 163, 167, 191–192, 196, 206, 218, 233, 238

see also Union of South Africa

South American silver, 83

Southern Rhodesia, 134, 277

during colonialism, 151–153, 245

South Vietnam, 27

Soviet historians, 261

Soviet Union, 11, 17, 23, 108, 195–197, 213, 258, 277

Spain, 136, 196, 235

Islamic conquest of, 53–54

Spanish Armada, 247

Spanish Guinea, 274, see also Guinea

Sparta, 120

Specialization, 13, 42–43, 47, 61

Standard Bank of South Africa Ltd., 163–164

Standard of living, 24, 150–151, 255

Stanley, H. M., 140, 221

State building, 48–68, 134

States

nation, 47, 55, 125, 222, 232

rise of, 46

stratification of, 44

Steam, age of, 179

Steel industry, 177

Sterling reserves, 171

Stone building, 63, 65–66

Strait of Gibraltar, 54

Subsistence economies, 43

Sudan, 139, 172, 234, 266, 274

independence of, 276–277

role in European military of, 187

see also French Sudan; Mahdist Sudan; Republic of Sudan

Suez Canal, 136, 139

Sugar cane, 82, 86

Sugar refining, 49, 86

Sukumaland (Tanganyika), 158

Sultan (Egypt), 49

Sunlight soap, 180

Sunni Islam, 54, see also Islam Superstructure, 9, 35, 134

capitalist, 176

of Ethiopian Empire, 50

political, 60, 64, 124

religion as an aspect of the, 35, 114

Swahili people, 105, 111, 256

Swaziland, 129, 225

Sweden, 17, 177, 195

Swiss Trading Company, 182

Switzerland, 84, 181, 190

Syrians in West Africa, 154–155

Szentes, Tamas, 29

Tabora Secondary School (Tanzania), 260

Taghaza (region), 57

Tananarive, Madagascar, 243

Tanganyika

colonial education in, 243, 247–248, 256, 269, 271

during colonialism, 151, 153, 157–158, 164, 167, 200, 207, 218–219, 233–234, 237

role in European military of, 187

T’ang dynasty, 5, 46

Tangier, Morocco, 76

Tanzania, 16, 62, 65, 98, 100, 108, 123–124

Taxation, colonial, 164–165, 169, 241–242

Taxes, 19, 46, 49, 185, 265, 269–270

Technical training, 246, 251

Technological arrest, 104–105

Technological base of industry, 86

Technology, 4, 13, 61, 104, 114, 194

African, 52, 104, 108, 231

arms, 108, 175

Chinese, 9

development of, 8, 10, 39, 44, 49

European, 78, 84, 103–108, 118, 179

transfer of, 105–108, 140

Temple of Zimbabwe, 64

Tenants, 41, 49

Ten Year Plans (British), 214

Terracing, 40, 63, 66

Territorial expansion, 57

Textile industry, 49, 55, 161

Thompson, Thomas, 142

Tigrean ruling class, 50

Timbuktu, Mali, 42, 59

Times (London), 141

Tlemcen, Algeria, 59, 231

Togo, 99, 110

role in European military of, 187

Tokugawas of Japan, 46

Tomba (Baga leader), 80

Tools, 4–5, 40–41

iron, 40, 43, 56, 61

stone, 5, 40

Toro region, 62, 122, 125

Toure, Ahmed Sekou, 95, 276, 280

Toure, Samori, 133

Trade, 22–25, 43–44, 67, 70

African, see African trade

Egyptian, 49

European, see European trade

Indian, 104

international, 15, 75–82, 111, 114, 164–173

long-distance, 45, 57, 59

pre-colonial, 230

slave, see Slave trade

trans-Saharan, 58–59, 112

Trade goods

African, see African trade goods

European, see European trade goods

Trade networks, 109–113, 124

Trade routes

Indian, 176

Sahara desert, 43

Traders

Arab, 66–68

Dioulas, 58

Portuguese, 58, 60, 76–77, 80, 109–111, 132

Trade union movement, 276–277

Trade unions, 150, 276

Trade zone, free, 191

Trading companies

Dutch, 84

European, 154–161

Traditional rulers, 226–227

Tran (Vietnamese dynasty), 69

Transfer of technology, 105–108, 140

Transfer of wealth, 75

Trans-Saharan trade, 58–59, 112

Transvaal, Lovedu of, 227

“Tribalism”, 227–229

Trudo, Agaja, 81, 107

Tuareg people, 45, 60

Tuberculosis Commission of 1912, 207

Tudors, 46

Tunis, Bey of, 225

Tunisia, 18, 54–55, 140, 225

colonial education in, 244

Turkey, 48, 51

Turkish rule of Egypt, 48

Tutsi clan of Rwanda, 126

Twentsche Bank, 190

Twentsche Overseas Trading Co., 157

UAC, see United Africa Company

Ubuhake, 127

Uganda, 62, 123, 229

colonial education in, 242–243, 273

during colonialism, 153, 157, 159–160, 234

Mailo land settlement of, 229

Uganda Legislative Council, 264

Umkhonto, 130

Underdeveloped countries, 15–26

Underdevelopment, 13–29, 33, 283–284, 286

UNESCO, 245

Unilever House, London, 182

Unilever Ltd., 156, 170, 181–185, 190, 211

Unilever N. V., 182, 185

Union Minière de Haute-Katanga, 153

Union of South Africa, 152, 167, 181

United African Company (UAC), 155–159, 162, 168–170, 181–182, 211

United Kingdom, 16–17, 84, see also British Isles; England; Great Britain

United Nations, 15, 24, 283

Economic Commission for Africa of, 230

Survey of Economic Conditions in Africa by, 20

United States, 14, 16–17, 23–24, 27, 154, 168, 171, 179, 181, 184–185, 190–196, 212–213

United States Steel Export Company, 192

Universities

African, 26, 240, 245, 260

American, 103

British, 103

Islamic, 242

University College in Salisbury, 245

University education, 245

University of Fez, 240

University of Ghana, 245

University of Khartoum, 245

University of Timbuktu, 240

Upper Guinea, 105, 110–111, 114

colonial education in, 256

Upper Senegal River, 57

Upper Volta, 56–57, 166, 276

Uranium, 152, 197

Urban employment, 149, 159

Van der bergh (company), 181, 184–185

Vansina, Jan, 146

Vassals, 49

Venda people, 250

Vichy France, 188, 196, 200

Vicious circle of poverty theory, 28

Viet people, 37

Vietnam, 50, 186, 228

Vietnam campaign, 188, 276

Vietnamese dynasties, 69

Vietnamese people, 172

Vikings, 35

Visram, 216

Voice of America, 26

Volta River Dam (Ghana), 108

Von Lettow, Colonel, 200

Vy Vato society, 274

Wage, living, 150

Walata, 59

Wanyamwezi people, 105, 112

War boys, 117

War chiefs, 117

Ware, Opoku, 107

Warriors, 6, 19, 117, 130–132

Watt, James, 78

Wealth, 19

African, 14, 22–23, 27

production of, 46

transfer of, 75

Wealth of Nations (Smith), 13

Weapons, 41, 51, 77, 81, 103, 106, 108, 118, 121, 130, 132, 137, 179

Webster, J. B., 146

West Africa, 58, 165, 176, 181, 184, 192, 211

history of, 143

Lebanese in, 154–155

role in European military of, 187–188

Syrians in, 154–155

see also, British West Africa; French West Africa

West African Cocoa Control Board, 168, 170–171

West African Currency Board, 171, 174, 210

West African Frontier Force, 186

West African Lines Conference, 162

West African Product Board, 169

West African Regiment, 187–188

Western democracy, 10, 12, 89, 196

Western Nigeria, 115

Western Sudan, 33, 48, 55, 59, 61, 64, 68, 110, 112, 119, 225

development of, 56–61

feudalism in, 60–61

West Germany, 24

West Indian Regiment, 186

West Indian slave colonies, 87

West Indian slavery, 89, 253, 255

West Indies, 82–83, 177

African return from, 143

role in European military of, 187

see also British West Indies; French West Indies

Westminster Bank, 162

Wheeled vehicles, 61

White racism, 10, 88, 125, 138, 141, 150, 219, 228, 249, 272, 277

Whydah (Dahomey), 99, 120

Wigglesworth and Company, 157

“Wild West”, 87

William Ponty (Senegal), 260

Williams, Eric, 85, 90

Winchester (public school), 259

Windmills, 49

Windsor Castle, 247

Woddis, Jack, 280

Women

in colonial Africa, 227

education of, 251, 266

in pre-colonial Africa, 55, 121, 226–227

Work bee, 39

Workers, 10, 12, 19, 25, 27

Work team, 36, 39

World War I, see First World War

World War II, see Second World War

Worms et Compagnie, 211

Xhosa people, 228, 250

Yaba College, 245

Yam Festivals, 117

Yao people, 221

Yorubaland, 68, 103, 116–118

Yoruba people, 115, 120, 225

Yoruba of Ife, 115–119

Young Communists, 258

Zagwe dynasty, 50

Zambesi River, 65, 247

Zambia 16–17, 37, 100–101, 108

Zambian copper, 20, 42

Zanzibar, 97, 143, 155

Arabs in, 143, 155

Zimbabwe, 48, 64–68, 134

Zulu army, 130–131

Zululand, 130–133, 240

Zulu people, 228, 250

Zwide, 132–133