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To access the contents, click the chapter and section titles.
Complete Idiot's Guide to Linux
1, 2, 3 Go!Welcome to Linux! Its the software that is grabbing the worlds attention as a reliable and powerful operating system (OS). At the time of this writing, Linux and Windows NT are the only OSs gaining market share. Most other OSs are either stagnant or are losing their share to Linux or Windows NT. How to Use This Book This book is a gentle introduction to Linux, and as such, it is not intended as a comprehensive guide. On the contrary, great effort has gone into this book to keep it from becoming yet another comprehensive reference guide. Ive been selective about covering the topics you are most likely to use early in your Linux hacking career. One of the interesting things about Linux, and UNIX in general, is that learning new ways and tools is almost an endless task. There are many toolstoo many to cover even in several comprehensive volumes. Much of the comprehensive and exhaustive reference for Linux is readily available in various forms, some of which will be installed into your computer as part of the installation process. In contrast, this book focuses on how to make you self-sufficient. It teaches you two ways of working with Linux: using the X graphical environment (with KDE) and using the shell, the command line interpreter so closely associated with UNIX. And, if you are managing your own Linux computer, there are some administrative tasks that you need to learn how to do. So how is this book organized? Installation and first-time configuration instructions are located in Appendix A, Linux Installation. Appendix B, OpenLinux Compatibility Guide, provides you with an up-to-date list of the ever-growing and ever-changing list of hardware that is known to be compatible with Linux. While mapping your installation plan, you should verify that your hardware is listed and known to be compatible with OpenLinux. After your initial Linux installation and configuration, start with Part 1, Working with Linux in a Graphical EnvironmentThe KDE Desktop, and read the chapters in order. (Weve structured the chapters counting on you doing so.) Part 2, Working on the Command Line, introduces similar concepts as Part I, this time using a shell instead of a graphical user interface. Last, Part 3, Essential System Tasks Under Linux, focuses on various administration tasks that youll need to do occasionally. Keep in mind that while you are learning Linux, you are also learning UNIX. What you learn here will transfer with little modification into other UNIX environments. Have fun getting to know your new operating system! Why Linux? So why all the attention? UNIX has been around for a number of years, and although believed by some to be the only choice among real OSs, it has remained in the vertical market arena until very recently. But what does this mean? UNIX (or Linux, which is based on UNIX) provides a very robust environment in which to run and deploy applications. By design, it offers the following features:
These are features that some of the PC OSs available today dont offer, or they have been added as an afterthought. These are all very important features, especially in the context of todays networked environments where computers share information. Unlike Windows-based systems, UNIX is able to support multiple users concurrently. A single UNIX/Linux computer can have multiple users working on it (running programs, accessing files, and other services) at the same time, either seamlessly across a network or through a directly attached console (a screen and keyboard). As a result, UNIX and Linux offer an environment where many (hundreds) of users can simultaneously access a system, if the system has enough resources. With so many potential users, how do you protect important files from unauthorized access? Linuxs UNIX roots handle security transparently, not as an afterthought, but as part of the Linux way of life. In order for you to work on the computer, you have to sign in. Security isnt Linuxs only kudo. Its also an expert juggler! How else could you simultaneously support multiple users? Linux is a multitasking OS. It juggles multiple programs and users at the same time, creating the illusion that each user is working on his or her own computer. Obviously, only a little tiny bit of work can be done in a slice of time, but the illusion is well maintained. Other OSs that claim to be multitasking usually dont scale well. When a few users are accessing the services, performance rapidly decreases. The juggling illusion becomes reality for platforms that support multiple processors. The computer can, in fact, juggle multiple things at the same time. The Linux OS takes advantage of these hardware configurations and makes use of the additional processing power to increase performance to new levelsusually with better results than the original OS the hardware was designed for. Many of todays computers rely on a networked environment. The network is the computerSM is the famous slogan for Sun Microsystems, a large UNIX vendor. The network is indeed the computer. Information exchange via email, the Web, and other mechanisms is an everyday fact. Linux can not only participate as a client for such services, but it can also offer them to other PCs and workstations. Linux, in fact, powers many Internet service providers (ISPs) and the users who access the ISPs services. It is well tested and reliable. Not many commercial environments provide the source code to how they work, and then do so freely. Thats where Linux steps out from the crowd! Having the source code allows information service (IS) departments, or hackers as well, to customize the particular behavior of the OS or a program distributed with it to fit a particular need. Companies concerned about security issues can examine how the software really works and make their own evaluations and adjustments. In the event of a problem, someone with the right background can generate a fix, usually within hours of a problem or security issue being discovered. Compare that to waiting for days, weeks, or months for bug fixesthe norm that most of us have come to expect with other OSs. For the student, having access to the source code provides insight into how systems are made and built. On the downside, UNIX and UNIX-like OSs have lacked ergonomics on the surface, providing confusing interfaces that vary from program to program and vendor to vendor, and generally arent intuitive for nonexpert-type users. Mainstream application developers not seeing profitability with these environments have chosen to keep their wares on other, more profitable OS platforms. But that attitude is rapidly changing in the Linux market. With its newfound popularity, Linux has encouraged big software developers such as Oracle, Sybase, Corel, and many others to develop versions of their applications for Linux systems. The world is beginning to take Linux seriouslyand a little sponsoring goes a long way! This in itself has generated additional media interest, and Linux coverage has changed from a curiosity in obscure publications to a viable business option and alternative to heavyweight products from other companies. This is great news, because the more developers entering the Linux arena, the more popular and accessible this OS environment becomes! With the advent of Linux, the infrastructure (the guts of what makes UNIX so robust) suddenly is available free of charge. In a world where a desktop license for the average commercial UNIX is several thousands of dollars, this is indeed a very good breakthrough. It has eased Linux into environments where UNIX would never have been considered due to price constraints. No doubt much of its popularity starts with it being available for its nice price: free for the download or for under $50 if you want it packaged into a CDor if you bought this book, you got an even better deal! It most definitely is priced to sell. Commercial distributions of Linux include additional commercial software that further enhances its value for resolving additional business-type problems. Also helping with the Linux craze is the advent of the Internet. Many people requiring a robust environment to handle their Internet services, such as the World Wide Web, email, and others, have traditionally considered UNIX to be the natural for this. From the beginning, most of the things you hear about today were available and developed there first. Macintosh and Windows-based machines only recently (in UNIX terms) have become networked. But even today, they still dont have the same robustness when playing server roles. UNIX machines have been participating in networks since almost the inception of networks. Linux is a new concept for UNIX. It is freely available and supports cutting edge hardware, not to mention its much easier to use than the UNIX systems that preceded it. Thats not saying that rough edges are not to be found, however. Although Linux is not particularly difficult to learn, any difficulty comes with the increase in functionality. All powerful and flexible things are usually complicated; to say that Linux isnt powerful would deny its flexibility and complexity. New desktop environments, such as the K Desktop Environment (or KDE for short), are promising high-quality user interfaces that provide cutting-edge features previously unavailable to UNIX-like systems. Revitalized ergonomics provide a price-feature comparison not previously possible. Included with this book is Calderas OpenLinux 1.3. Caldera has positioned its Linux distribution as the commercial strength, reliable version of Linux. Some of its features are very nice when compared with the other popular distribution (RedHat). The additional add-ins provided by Caldera (Sybase, NetWare support, and so on) make it easy for OpenLinux to migrate to your workplace. Recently, the city of Medina, Washington (population 3,082) selected OpenLinux to implement its document management system. The reason for this move was related to the 40,000+ construction permits, blueprints, change orders, and other documents related to the construction of the $53 million home that Microsofts Bill Gates built there. The citys choice came at the realization that there was no more room for any future paperwork, and it would be required either to build a new town hall or to install a document management system. Naturally, Microsoft Windows NT was looked into as a potential solution, but after realizing that the OpenLinux solution would cost less than 10% of the NT solution, OpenLinux won the citys business. Talk about irony! After such a persuasive argument about Linux being an up-and-coming OS, arent you ready to get started? Thats just what this book is designed to help you doget started with Linux. If you are experienced with other OSs, this book will develop your Linux basic skills. One goal has been to make you productive right from the start. This book will take you from installing Linux to doing basic things and even to doing some system administration things. Conventions The Complete Idiots Guide to Linux is designed to help you get up and running with your new Linux OS. In doing so, this book uses the following conventions:
Also, be sure to watch for these features:
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