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Complete Idiot's Guide to Linux
(Publisher: Macmillan Computer Publishing)
Author(s): Manuel Ricart
ISBN: 078971826x
Publication Date: 12/22/98

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Table of Contents


Index

Symbols

& (ampersand), running jobs in background, 161
[ ] (brackets) metacharacter, 160
/etc/group database, 208
/etc/passwd file, 208
! (exclamation mark) metacharacter, 160
? (question mark) metacharacter, 160
* (star) metacharacter, 159
/usr/doc directory and online documentation, 168-169

A

absolute paths, shells, 124-125
access
CD-ROM and floppy, configuration file for, 71-72
kdelnk files, 73, 75
superuser KFM sessions, 70
controlling for Web pages, 272-273
access levels. See permissions mechanism
accessibility of shells, 116
accessing
accounts
creating after installing Linux, 303
disabling, 261
permissions mechanism, 178
root, 131, 177
CD-ROM, 76
computers through networks, 199
email, 97-98
files, 30
FTP (File Transfer Protocol) sites, 96-97
networks, 79
overlapping windows, 26
virtual consoles, 118
Web, 93-95
activating
buttons, 14
filename expansion with Tab, 126
windows, 25
Active Desktop Borders feature and virtual desktops, 45
active windows, 25, 42
Add Bookmark command (Bookmarks menu), 37
adding
groups, 212
users, 174-175, 209-210
adduser tool, 209
ampersand (&), running jobs in background, 161
Apache Web server, configuring, 271-272
Application Launcher, adding applications to, 105
kdelnk file, creating, 106-108
kdelnk file, using, 108
Application Starter command (K menu), 40
applications
description of, 13, 40
downgrading, 237
exiting, 50
graphical font ends, 240
help system, kdehelp viewer, 49
hiding, 42
installing, 235-236
kvt, using, 117
multiple, working with, 41
non-RPM packages
overview of, 240
tar files, extracting files from, 241
UNIX compressed archive files, extracting files from, 241-242
Windows compressed archive files, extracting files from, 242
querying database, 237-239
restoring using Auto-restore feature, 48
starting, 40-41, 48
switching between, 42
uninstalling, 237
upgrading, 237
verifying system, 240
virtual desktops
changing number of, 47
configuring with Active Desktop Borders feature, 45
customizing, 47
Desktop Pager, 45
sending application to other desktop, 44
sharing applications across, 44
switching between, 43
apropos command, 165
arrow keys, changing slider settings, 18
Auto-restore feature, starting applications with, 48
Autostart directory, starting applications automatically with, 48

B

Back button (KFM toolbar), 32
Backspace key, testing for proper configuration, 142
backups
dump command, 227-229
extracting, files backed up with dump, 230-232
files, selecting for, 220-221
graphical programs, 232
media for
cartridge tapes, 218, 220
CD-ROMs, 219
digital audio tapes, 219
disks, 217
Iomega Jaz and Zip drives, 219
magnetic tapes, 219
travan tapes, 218
overview of, 215-216
programs for, 216
simple backups, 221
strategies for, 226
tar utility
extracting files from, 222-223
extracting from devices, 225
extracting into devices, 223
extracting into floppy devices, 223
extracting into tape devices, 224
making tar files, 221-222
spanning multiple disks or tapes, 225-226
bash, default shell, 119
bash (Bourne Again shell), 117
bits
setgid, 181
setuid, 181
sticky, 181
Bookmark menu commands, Add Bookmark, 37
bookmarks, creating, 37
books as help sources, 172
boot manager configuration area, LISA, 249
booting in single-user mode, 227
Bourne Again shell, 117
Bourne shell, 116
brackets ([ ]) metacharacter, 160
browser window, features of, 94-95
BRU2000 (graphical backup program), 232
building
kernels, 278-279
locate database, 193
whatis database, 166
buttons
check box type, 15
radio type, 15
slider type, 16
tab type, 16
uses of, 14

C

C shell, 117
cal command, 189-190
calculating tape drive’s capacity, 228
Caldera Web sites
OpenLinux, 311
PC Card Support, 321
sound card compatibility, 342
calendar, printing, 189-190
cartridge tapes and backups, 218, 220
case sensitivity, 119
cat command, 137-138, 198
cd command, 123
CD-ROM
accessing, 76
configuring system to allow user access to, 71-72
kdelnk files, 73, 75
superuser KFM sessions, 70
CD-ROM drives
parallel port, supported by Caldera OpenLinux Release 1.3, 313
supported by Caldera OpenLinux Release 1.3, 311-312, 320
changing
directories, 123
files’ and folders’ user group, 67
groups, 177
login names, 211
passwords, 186
permissions, 178, 180
personal information, 187
secondary group memberships, 211
shells, 186
chat script, 87
check boxes, 15
chfn command, 187
chmod command, 178, 180
choice lists, working with, 17
chsh command, 186
clicking with mouse, 14
clipboard, 58
clock, configuring when installing Linux, 302
Close button, 25
closing windows, 28
color display of file types, 122-123
command aliases, viewing, 130
command groups
description of, 152
redirecting and, 156
command line
programs, syntax for, 119
shells, 116
UNIX command prompt, 116
working with Linux using, 115
command multipliers, vim, 146
commands
apropos, 165
Bookmark menu, Add Bookmark, 37
built-in information, 167
cal, 189-190
cat, 137-138, 198
cd, 123
chfn, 187
chmod, 178, 180
chsh, 186
cp, 132
date, 188-189
dump, 227-229
Edit menu
Copy, 57
Cut, 58
Paste, 58
File menu
Open, 53-54
Save As, 57
Save versus Save As, 55
find, 191-192
fmt, 197
gpasswd, 212
grep, 194-195
groupadd, 212
head, 139
history list, 160
id, 176
info, 170-171
K menu, 40
less, 138
ln, 136
locate, 193-194
logout, 126
ls, 120-123
man, 164-166
menus, using, 16-17
mkdir, 130
mt, 224-225
mv, 133
passwd, 186
pwd, 120
restore, 230-232
rm, 130
rm -R, 131
rmdir, 131
setfont, 199
shutdown, 127
sort, 196
split, 198
stringing series of, 151-152
stty program, 142
su, 176
tail, 139
tar
extracting from devices, 225
extracting into devices, 223
extracting into floppy devices, 223
extracting into tape devices, 224
simple backups and, 221-223
spanning multiple disks or tapes, 225-226
telnet, 199
touch, 129-130
umask, 181-182
updatedb, 193
userdel, 211-212
usermod, 210-211
View menu
Long View, 35-36
Show Tree, 35
whatis, 166
whereis, 167
who and w, 187
compiling kernels, 281, 283
composing email messages, 100
compressed files
extracting files from, 241-242
reading, 169
computers
rebooting, 127
restarting, 19
shutting down, 127
turning off, 19
configuration file for disks
enabling regular users to access, 71-73
kdelnk files, 73, 75
superuser KFM sessions, 70
configuring
console, 199
kernels, tools for, 280-281
terminals, stty program, 142
connecting to networks, 79
debugging connection, 89
dialup configuration, adding, 83, 85-87
kppp, using, 80, 83
local network, using, 90-91
modem device, configuring, 88-89
Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP), using, 80
consoles
configuring, 199
exiting, 126
graphic, 117
logging in, 118
restarting computers from, 126
virtual, accessing, 118
context-sensitive menu, KFM, 63-64
controls for windows, 24-25
copying
directories, 132
files, 60, 76, 132
text, 57-58
counting lines, words, and characters, 195
cp command, 132
csh (C shell), 117
cursors, types of, 13
customizing
KDE
applications, adding to or removing from Panel, 109
applications, adding to Panel or Application Launcher, 105-108
Control Center settings and, 110
options for, 109
kernels, 277-278
Open panel, 54
virtual desktops, 47
Cut command (Edit menu), 58

D

daemon services, configuring, 304
data backups
BRU2000 (graphical program), 232
cartridge tapes, 218, 220
CD-ROMs, 219
digital audio tapes, 219
disks, 217
extracting files backed up with dump, 230-232
files, selecting for, 220-221
graphical programs, 232
Iomega Jaz and Zip drives, 219
magnetic tapes, 219
overview of, 215-216
programs for, 216
simple backups, 221
strategies for, 226-229
tar utility, 221-226
travan tapes, 218
date and time, viewing and setting, 188-189
date command, options for, 188-189
debugging connection with kppp, 89
default file mode, 181-182
defaults
shell options, making the, 123
shells, 119
defragmenting disk prior to partitioning, 294
deleting
directories, 131
files, 62, 130-131
folders, 62
users, 211-212
Desktop Pager and virtual desktops, 45
desktops, 10-12
device icons, configuring, 74
devices
extracting files from, 225
extracting files into, 223
IDE-SCSI, 327
mouse pointing, 321
spanning multliple, 225-226
dialog box windows, 23
dialog boxes, Display Settings, 47
dialup configuration, adding with kppp
DNS servers, 85-86
gateway, configuring, 86
IP settings, 83, 85
login script, using, 87
digital audio tapes (4mm) and backups, 219
directories
/usr/doc, 168-169
changing, 123
copying, 132
creating, 130
deleting, 131
listing remotely, 122
moving, 133
opening, 33
selecting for backup, 220-221
disabling accounts, 261
disk free (df) command, monitoring disk using, 259
disk space, requirements to install Linux, 293
disk usage (du) program, monitoring disk using, 258-259
disks
CD-ROM, accessing, 76
configuration file for
kdelnk files, 73, 75
superuser KFM session, 70
configuration file for, 71-73
copying files to or from floppies, 76
monitoring, 258-259
mounted versus unmounted, 69
opening and saving files to floppies, 76
preparing new floppies, 77
sharing within networks, 273-275
Display Settings dialog box, 47
displaying information, 175
DNS settings, configuring, 85-86
documentation on Linux, 164
documents, navigating, 145
double-clicking with mouse, 14
downgrading applications, 237
downloading files from FTP sites, 267-268
dragging with mouse, 14
drivers, making active when installing kernels, 286
drives supported by Caldera OpenLinux Release 1.3
CD-ROM, 311-312
CD-ROM IDE, 320
CD-ROM parallel port, 313
IDE, 320
laptop floppy, 319
tape, 328-329
XT hard, 341
dump command
examples of, 229
syntax for, 227
tape capacity, 228
dump utility, 226

E

Edit menu commands
Copy, 57
Cut, 58
Paste, 58
editing
files, 144-145
text, 57
Emacs. See also XEmacs
modes, 148
overview of, 142
email
accessing, 97-98
composing messages, 100
reading, 99
emptying Trash (KFM), 63
enhanced C shell, 117
environment variables, 125
ergonomics and Linux, 115
errors, logging in, 10
/etc/group database, 208
/etc/passwd file, 208
ethernet cards supported by Caldera OpenLinux Release 1.3, 314-318
exclamation mark (!) metacharacter, 160
Execute permissions, 66
exiting
applications, 50
consoles, 126
vim, 146
exporting NFS volumes, 264
extracting files
backed up with dump, 230-232
from devices, 225
from tar files, 241
from UNIX compressed archive files, 241-242
from Windows compressed archive files, 242
into devices, 223-224

F

FDDI cards supported by Caldera OpenLinux Release 1.3, 318
fdisk, installing Linux
partitions, creating, 299
saving changes to partitions, 300
file extenstions, 56
file group, 37
file list components, 35
file group, 37
file owner, 37
file size, 36
last change, 36
permissions, 37
File menu commands
Open, 53-54
Save As, 57
Save versus Save As, 55
file owner, 37
file size, 36
file systems, 69
file type indicators, 120
file types, color display of, 122-123
filename expansion, activiting with Tab key, 126
filenames, 29
files
accessing, 30
changing the group of, 67
copying, 60, 132
creating, 52, 129-130, 144-145
deleting, 62, 130-, 131
downloading from FTP sites, 267-268
editing, 144-145
finding, 191-192, 194-195
htpassword, creating, 273
joining, 198
KDE templates, 68
kdelnk, 41
KFM, 31
linking, 61
listing, 120-122
locating, 193-194
managing with context-sensitive menu, 63-64
moving, 133
moving to the Trash, 62
naming, 29, 56
opening, 33-34, 53-54
pathnames, 30
reading, 137-139
renaming, 64
replacing, 61
retrieving from the Trash, 63
saving, 53, 55-56
selecting, 38
selecting for backup, 220-221
setting permissions, 65-67
sharing for projects, 182-183
sharing over networks, 263
FTP (File Transfer Protocol), 266-270
HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol), 271-273
NFS (Network File System), 264-266
splitting, 198
tar, 241
UNIX compressed archive, 241-242
uploading to FTP sites, 269
Windows compressed archive, 242
working with, 51
find command, 191-192
finding files, 191-192, 194-195
fips program, running, 294
flags, 119
floppy devices, extracting files into, 223
floppy disks
backups and, 217
configuring system to allow user access to, 71-72
kdelnk files, 73, 75
superuser KFM sessions, 70
copying files to or from, 76
creating for multiboot system, 295
opening and saving files to, 76
preparing new, 77
floppy drives supported by Caldera OpenLinux Release 1.3, 319-320
floptical disks and backups, 217
fmt command, 197
folders
changing group of, 67
creating, 59-60
deleting, 62
KDE templates, 68
linking, 61
managing with context-sensitive menu, 63-64
moving to the Trash, 62
opening, 33
renaming, 64
replacing, 61
retrieving from the Trash, 63
selecting, 38
setting permissions, 65-67
forcing exit, 19
formatting
text, 197
under Linux and UNIX, 201-203
Forward button (KFM toolbar), 32
frame relay cards supported by Caldera OpenLinux Release 1.3, 318
free program, monitoring memory using, 252
FTP (File Transfer Protocol) sites
accessing, 96-97
connecting to, 266
downloading files from, 267-268
hosting FTP service, 269-270
msd (Microsoft System Diagnostics), 290
navigating, 267
Red Hat, 240
uploading files to, 269
ftp command, 266
functions, 175

G

gateway, configuring, 86
general network services configuration, 248
gpasswd command, managing group files with, 212
graphic consoles, 117
graphical backup programs, 232
graphical font ends, 240
graphical user interface (GUI) and desktop, 11
grep command, 194-195
groff formatter, 201-203
group, changing, 67
groupadd command, 212
groups
adding, 212
changing, 177
managing files, 212
permissions mechanism, 182-183
GUI (graphical user interface) and desktop, 11
gzip files, extracting files from, 241-242

H

hard drives supported by Caldera OpenLinux Release 1.3
IDE, 320
XT, 341
hard links, 135
hardware
backups, 216
identifying prior to installing Linux, 290-291
inventorying prior to installing Linux, 292
minimum requirements for installing Linux, 292-293
unsupported, 342
hardware configuration area (LISA), 246
head command, 139
Help button (KFM toolbar), 33
Help sources
/usr/doc, 168-169
applications, kdehelp viewer, 49
apropos command, 165
books, 172
built-in command information, 167
GNU’s info system, 170-171
UNIX manual pages, 164-166
USENET, 171-172
whatis command, 166
whereis command, 167
hiding applications, 42
history list, 160
Home button (KFM toolbar), 32
home directories
moving, 210
permissions mechanism, 178
host table configuration, 248
hosting FTP service, 269-270
HOWTO documents, 169
htpassword files, creating, 273
HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)
Apache server, configuring, 271-272
controlling access, 272-273

I

Iconify button, 24
iconifying windows, 26
icons, 13
id command, 176
IDE drives supported by Caldera OpenLinux Release 1.3, 320
IDE-SCSI devices supported by Caldera OpenLinux Release 1.3, 327
identifying hardware prior to installing Linux, 290-291
IMAP (Interactive Message Access Protocol), 97
inetd program and network services, 270
info system (online documentation), 170-171
inodes, 122
input and output
interconnecting, 157-158
redirecting
command groups, 156
STDERR stream, 156
STDOUT stream, 153, 155
Installation Source Selection, installing Linux, 300
installing
applications, 235-236
kernels
LILO, configuring, 284-285
making drivers active, 286
new modules, installing, 283
Linux
building boot and modules floppies, 295
cautious autoprobing, 297
changing LISA setup, 296-297
changing partition panel, 299
clock, configuring, 302
daemon services, configuring, 304
first account, creating, 303
identifying hardware, 290-291
Installation Source Selection, 300
inventorying hardware, 292
Kernel Module Manager, 298
language selection, 296
LILO boot manager, configuring, 303-304
minimum requirements for hardware, 292-293
mouse type, configuring, 302
multiboot system, 293-294
Network settings, 301-302
overview of, 289
partitions, creating, 299
previously saved configurations, 296
printer, selecting, 302
root partition, creating, 300
root password, setting, 303
saving changes to partitions, 300
starting install, 296
steps for, 290
X-server, selecting, 301
X Windows, configuring, 304-306, 308-309
Interactive Message Access Protocol (IMAP), 97
interconnecting input and output, 157-158
interface cards supported by Caldera OpenLinux Release 1.3, 313
Internet, 84
Internet Protocol (IP), 84
Internet service provider (ISP), 80
inventorying hardware prior to installing Linux, 292
Iomega Jaz and Zip drives and backups, 219
IP (Internet Protocol), 84
IP settings, configuring, 83, 85
ispell program, 149

J-K

jobs
killing or suspending, 162
working on multiple using shells, 161-162
joining files, 198
K Desktop Environment. See KDE
K File Manager. See KFM
K menu commands, Application Starter, 40
KDE (K Desktop Environment)
Auto-restore feature, 48
Autostart directory, 48
components of, 11-12, 22
customizing
applications, adding to or removing from Panel, 109
applications, adding to Panel or Application Launcher, 105-108
Control Center settings and, 110
options for, 109
description of, 9-10, 12
email access using, 97
FTP (File Transfer Protocol) site access using, 96-97
help system, 49
kvt application, using, 117
Mini Command Line, 81
news reader, 101
virtual desktops
changing number of, 47
configuring with Active Desktop Borders feature, 45
customizing, 47
Desktop Pager, 45
sending application to other desktop, 44
sharing applications across, 44
switching between, 43
Web access using, 93-94
KDE applications, working with, 52
KDE Control Center, options for customizing using, 110
KDE Floppy Formater, 77
KDE templates, 68
kdehelp viewer, accessing, 49
kdelnk files, 41, 106-108
KEdit text editor, 13
Kernel Module Manager, 298
kernels
building, reasons for, 278-279
compiling, 281, 283
configuring, 280-281
customizing, 277-278
installing
LILO, configuring, 284-285
making drivers active, 286
new modules, installing, 283
testing, 286
keyboard, configuring for X Windows, 305
KFM (K File Manager)
bookmarks, creating, 37
file list, 35
components, 36
file group, 37
file owner, 37
file size, 36
last change, 36
permissions, 37
files
changing group of, 67
copying, 60
deleting, 62
linking, 61
moving to the Trash, 62
renaming, 64
replacing, 61
retrieving from the Trash, 63
selecting, 38
setting permissions, 65-67
folders
changing group of, 67
creating, 59-60
deleting, 62
linking, 61
moving to the Trash, 62
renaming, 64
replacing, 61
retrieving from the Trash, 63
selecting, 38
setting permissions, 65-67
network awareness of, 93
overview of, 31
tree view, 35
URLs and, 31
windows, 31
KFM context-sensitive menu, 63-64
KFM toolbar buttons, 32
KFM window, launching, 70
kill command, monitoring processes using, 257
killing jobs, 162
kmail, email access using, 97
knews, reading mail using, 101
Korn shell, 117
kppp
connecting to networks using
Configuration window, 80
New Account window, 83
debugging connection, 89
dialup configuration, adding
DNS servers, 85-86
gateway, configuring, 86
IP settings, 83, 85
login script, using, 87
modem device, configuring, 88-89
ksh (Korn shell), 117
kvt application, using, 117

L

language selection when installing Linux, 296
laptop floppy drives supported by Caldera OpenLinux Release 1.3, 319
last command, monitoring log files using, 260
lastb command, monitoring log files using, 261
LDP (Linux Documentation Project), 169
less command, 138
LILO (Linux Loader), configuring when installing kernels, 284-285
LILO boot manager, configuring after installing Linux, 303-304
linking files and folders, 61
links
creating, 136
description of, 61, 94
hard, 135
symbolic, 134
Linux, installing. See installing, Linux
Linux Documentation Project (LDP), 169
Linux Installation and System Administration. See LISA
Linux newsgroups, 172
LISA (Linux Installation and System Administration)
boot manager configuration area, 249
cautious autoprobing, 297
changing setup for installation, 296-297
functions of
Software Package Administration area, 245
system analysis, 244-245
system configuration area, 246
kernels, customizing with, 277
network configuration area, 247-248
overview of, 243
system configuration area, 246-247
listing
directories remotely, 122
files, 120-122
lists, working with, 17
ln command, 136
local network, connecting to Internet using, 90-91
locate command, 193-194
locate database, building, 193
locating files, 193-194
log files, monitoring
last command, 260
lastb command, 261
logging in
consoles, using, 118
errors, 10
logging out, 19
login names, changing, 211
login script, using, 87
logout command, 126
Long View command (View menu), 35-36
ls command, 120
color display of file types, 122-123
listing directories remotely, 122
options, 121-122

M

magneto-optical disks and backups, 217
man command, 164-166
managing group files, 212
match any letter metacharacter (?), 160
match anything metacharacter (*), 159
match in a range metacharacter ([ ]), 160
Maximize/Restore button, 25
media for backups
cartridge tapes, 218, 220
CD-ROMs, 219
digital audio tapes, 219
disks, 217
Iomega Jaz and Zip drives, 219
nine-track magnetic tapes, 219
overview of, 217
travan tapes, 218
memory
monitoring, 252-253
requirements to install Linux, 293
menus, working with, 16-17
metacharacters. See regular expressions
Microsoft System Diagnostics (msd), identifying hardware using, 290
middle-clicking with mouse, 14
Mini Command Line, KDE desktop, 81
mini HOWTO documents, 169
mkdir command, 130
modal editors, 144
modem device, configuring with kppp, 88-89
modes, Emacs, 148
modifying users, 210
modules, installing when installing kernels, 283
monitors, configuring for X Windows, 306
monitoring
disks, 258-259
log files, 260-261
memory, 252-253
overview of system for, 251
processes
kill command, 257
nicing, 258
ps command, 256
top program, 254-255
mounting NFS volumes, 265-266
mouse
actions, 14, 38
configuring for X Windows, 305
pointing devices supported by Caldera OpenLinux Release 1.3, 321
type, configuring when installing Linux, 302
using, 13
moving
files and directories, 133
files and folders to the Trash, 62
home directories, 210
text, 57-58
windows, 27
msd (Microsoft System Diagnostics), identifying hardware using, 290
mt command, rewinding tapes, 224-225
multiboot system, installing Linux in, 293
building boot and modules floppies, 295
cautious autoprobing, 297
changing LISA setup, 296-297
changing partition table, 299
clock, configuring, 302
daemon services, configuring, 304
first account, creating, 303
Installation Source Selection, 300
Kernel Module Manager, 298
language selection, 296
LILO boot manager, configuring, 303-304
mouse type, configuring, 302
Network settings, 301-302
partitions, creating, 294, 299
previously saved configurations, 296
printer, selecting, 302
root partition, creating, 300
root password, setting, 303
saving changes to partitions, 300
starting install, 296
X-server, selecting, 301
X Windows, configuring, 304-306, 308-309
multiple applications
hiding an application, 42
switching between, 42
virtual desktops
changing number of, 47
configuring with Active Desktop Borders feature, 45
customizing, 47
Desktop Pager, 45
sending application to other desktop, 44
sharing applications across, 44
switching between, 43
working with, 41
mv command, 133

N

naming files, 29, 56
navigating
documents, 145
shells, using, 120
Tab key, using, 18
negate a range metacharacter (!), 160
Netcraft Web site, 271
Netscape Collabra, configuring system for, 101, 103
Netscape Messenger
composing email messages, 100
configuring, 98
email access using, 97
reading email, 99
Netscape Navigator
Linux and, 94
Web access using, 95
netword-transparent file access, 31
network access configuration, 248
network configuration area (LISA)247-248
network services, inetd program, 270
Network settings, configuring when installing Linux, 301-302
networks
accessing, 79
accessing computers through, 199
connecting to, 79
debugging connection, 89
dialup configuration, adding, 83, 85-87
kppp, using, 80, 83
local network, using, 90-91
modem device,configuring, 88-89
Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP), using, 80
sharing disks and printers, 273-275
sharing files over, 263
FTP (File Transfer Protocol), 266-270
HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol), 271-273
NFS (Network File System), 264-266
users
adding, 209
managing, 207-208
New Account window, kppp, 83
newgrp tool, 177
news readers, configuring system for, 101, 103
newsgroups, 171-172
NFS (Network File System)
exporting volumes, 264
mounting volumes, 265-266
nicing, monitoring processes using, 258
nine-track magnetic tapes and backups, 219
noclobber variable and redirecting streams, 154
nodes, 171
non-RPM packages
overview of, 240
extracting files from
tar files, 241
UNIX compressed archive files, 241-242
Windows compressed archive files, 242
number of virtual desktops, changing, 47
numbers, setting as permissions, 178-180

O

online help
/usr/doc, 168-169
apropos command, 165
built-in command information, 167
GNU’s info sustem, 170-171
UNIX man pages, 164-166
USENET, 171-172
whatis command, 166
whereis command, 167
Open panel
customizing, 54
navigating, 53
opening
files, 33-34, 53-54, 76
folders, 33
OpenLinux Web site, 311
OS, installing Linux alongside, 293-294
output, throwing away, 157

P

packets, 84
Panel
adding and removing applications from, 109
adding applications to, 105
kdelnk file, creating, 106-108
kdelnk file, using, 108
panel on desktop, 11
panel windows, 23
parallel port CD-ROM drives supported by Caldera OpenLinux Release 1.3, 313
partition table, changing when installing Linux, 299
partitions
creating for multiboot system, 294
creating when installing Linux
primary, 299
root, 300
swap, 299
saving changes to when installing Linux, 300
passwd command, 186
passwords
changing, 186
guidelines for, 213
logging in, 10
shadow passwords, 213
Paste command (Edit menu), 58
PATH environment variable, 125
pathnames for files, 30
paths, relative and absolute, 124-125
PC cards, Caldera Web site, 321
performance monitoring, 251
permissions
description of, 37
setting
files and folders, 65-67
with symbols, 179-180
types of, 66
permissions mechanism
accounts, 178
chmod command, 178, 180
displaying information, 175
groups, 182-183
groups, changing, 177
home directories, 178
id command, 176
overview of, 173
root accounts, 177
setting permissions as numbers, 178-180
su command, 176
umask command, 181-182
users, 174-175
personal information, changing, 187
pipes
description of, 122
interconnecting input and output, 157-158
Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP), connecting to networks using
debugging connection, 89
description of, 85
dialup configuration, adding, 83, 85-87
Internet connections, adding, 80, 83
modem device, configuring, 88-89
Post Office Protocol (POP), 97
PostScript and printing, 200
PPP. See Point-to-Point Protocol
pressing mouse button, 14
printers
selecting when installing Linux, 302
sharing within networks, 273-275
printing
calendar, 189-190
under Linux and UNIX, 200-201
processes, monitoring
kill command, 257
nicing, 258
ps command, 256
top program, 254-255
procinfo program, monitoring memory using, 252-253
programming language and shells, 117
programs, 40
projects, sharing files for, 182-183
ps command, monitoring processes using, 256
pseudouser accounts, 178
pwd command, 120

Q-R

quarter-inch cartridge tapes and backups, 218
querying database, 237-239
question mark (?) metacharacter, 160
radio buttons, 15
radio modem/network cards supported by Caldera OpenLinux Release 1.3, 319
RAM and swapping, 251
Read permissions, 66
reading
email, 99
files
cat command, 137-138
head command, 139
less command, 138
tail command, 139
rebooting computers, 127
recompiling, customizing with kernels, 278
Red Hat FTP site, 240
redirecting
input and output
command groups, 156
STDERR stream, 156
STDOUT stream, 153, 155
streams, noclobber variable, 154
Refresh button (KFM toolbar), 32
regular expressions (REGEXs)
brackets ([ ]), 160
description of, 159
exclamation mark (!), 160
question mark (?), 160
star (*), 159
relative paths, shells, 124-125
renaming files and folders, 64
renicing, 256
replacing files and folders, 61
requirements for hardware when installing Linux, 292-293
resizing windows, 27
resolutions, selecting for X Windows, 308
restarting computers, 19, 126
restore command, 230-232
restoring applications, 48
retrieving files and folders from the Trash, 63
rewinding tapes, 224-225
rewritable CD-ROMs and backups, 219
right-clicking with mouse, 14
rm -R command, 131
rm command, 130
rmdir command, 131
root accounts
permissions mechanism, 177
using, 131
root partition, creating when installing Linux, 300
root password, setting when installing Linux, 303
RPM
downgrading with, 237
graphical font ends to, 240
installing with, 236
overview of, 235
querying database, 237-239
uninstalling with, 237
upgrading with, 237
uses of, 236
verifying system, 240

S

Save As command (File menu), 55, 57
Save command (File menu), 55
saving
files, 53, 55-, 56, 76
prior to logging out, 19
scrollbars
standard application windows, 23
windows, 26
SCSI adapters supported by Caldera OpenLinux Release 1.3, 321-326
secondary group memberships, changing, 211
security
monitoring, 251
passwords, 213
users, managing, 207-208
selecting
files, 34
folders, 33
text, 18, 57
sending application to other virtual desktops, 44
serial boards supported by Caldera OpenLinux Release 1.3, 327-328
servers, 271-272
setfont command, 199
setgid bit, 181
setting permissions
files and folders, 65-67
as numbers, 178-180
with symbols, 179-180
setuid bit, 181
sh (Bourne shell), 116
shadow passwords, 213
sharing
applications across virtual desktops, 44
disks and printers within networks, 273-275
files for projects, 182-183
files over networks, 263
FTP (File Transfer Protocol), 266-270
HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol), 271-273
NFS (Network File System), 264-266
shell commands, executing, 146
shells
accessibility of, 116
activating filename expansion with Tab, 126
case sensitivity of, 119
changing, 186
default, 119
making options the defaults, 123
navigating with, 120
programming language and, 117
relative and absolute paths, 124-125
types of, 116
working on multiple jobs using, 161-162
shortcut keys
Alt+Fn (virtual consoles), 118
Alt+Tab (switch between applications), 42
Ctrl+Alt+Backspace (force exit), 19
Ctrl+Alt+Delete (restart computer from console), 126
Ctrl+Alt+Fn (virtual consoles in KDE), 118
Ctrl+C (kill job), 162
Ctrl+Esc (switch between applications and desktops), 43
Ctrl+Fn (view virtual desktop), 43
Ctrl+Tab (switch between virtual desktops), 43
Ctrl+Z (suspend job), 162
Show Tree command (View menu), 35
shutdown command, 127
shutting down computers, 127
simple backups, 221
single-user mode, booting in, 227
sites. See FTP sites; Web sites
sliders
changing settings, 18
description of, 16
smart UNIX commands, 167
SMB (Server Message Block), 273-275
sockets, 122
Software Package Administration area (LISA), 245
sort command, 196
sorting lines of text, 196
sound support and Linux, 282
spell checkers, ispell, 149
split command, 198
splitting files, 198
standard application windows, 22
star (*) metacharacter, 159
starting
applications, 40-41, 48
install, 296
STDERR stream, 156
STDOUT stream
appending files, 155
redirecting to files, 153
Stick or Pin button, 24
sticky bit, 181
strategies for backups, 226
dump command, 227
examples of, 229
extracting files backed up with dump, 230-231
tape capacity, 228
restore command, 232
streams
description of, 153
STDERR, 156
STDOUT
appending files, 155
redirecting to files, 153
stringing series of commands, 151-152
stty program, 142
su command, 176
subshells, 152
superuser KFM sessions, configuring system for user access, 70
suspending jobs, 162
swapping, 251
switching
between applications, 42
between desktops, 12
between virtual desktops, 43
symbolic links, 122, 134
symbols, setting permissions with, 179-180
syntax, command line programs, 119
system, viewing who is logged into, 187
system analysis (LISA), 244-245
system configuration area (LISA), 246-247

T

Tab key
activating filename expansion with, 126
navigating with, 18
tabs, 16
tail command, 139
tape archive (tar) utility and backups
extracting files from, 222-223
extracting from devices, 225
extracting into devices, 223
extracting into floppy devices, 223
extracting into tape devices, 224
making tar files, 221-222
spanning multiple disks or tapes, 225-226
tape devices, 224-225
tape drives
capacity, calculating, 228
SCSI and IDE supported by Caldera OpenLinux Release 1.3, 329
supported by Caldera OpenLinux Release 1.3, 320, 328-329
tar files, extracting files from, 241
Task button (KFM toolbar), 33
taskbar on desktop, 12
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol), 85
tcsh (enhanced C shell), 117
Telnet, 103
telnet command, 199
templates (KDE), 68
terminals, configuring, 142
testing kernels, 286
text
copying, 57-58
editing, 57
formatting, 197
moving, 57-58
selecting, 18, 57
sorting lines of, 196
text editors
modal, 144
overview of, 141
vim
command multipliers, 146
documents, navigating, 145
executing shell commands, 146
exiting, 146
files, creating and editing, 144-145
tutorial, accessing, 143
XEmacs, 147-149
text fields, 18
text processing (UNIX)
groff formatter, 201-203
printing, 200-201
throwing away output, 157
title bars
standard application windows, 23
window controls and, 24
token ring cards supported by Caldera OpenLinux Release 1.3, 319
tool tips, 15
tools, 40
top program, monitoring processes using, 254-255
touch command, 129-130
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP), 85
Trash (KFM)
emptying, 63
moving files or folders to, 62
retrieving files or folders from, 63
travan tapes and backups, 218
tree view, 35
turning off computers, 19

U

UDP (User Datagram Protocol), 85
umask command, 181-182
Uniform Resource Locators (URLs), 31
uninstalling applications, 237
UNIX, text processing with
groff formatter, 201-203
printing, 200-201
UNIX command promptf, 116
UNIX compressed archive files, extracting files from, 241-242
UNIX manual pages
accessing, 164-165
sections under Linux, 166
Up button (KFM toolbar), 32
updatedb command, 193
upgrading applications, 237
uploading files to FTP sites, 269
URLs (Uniform Resource Locators), 31
USENET
description of, 101
online documentation source, 171-172
Usenet Web site, 101
user access to CD-ROM and floppy, configuring system to allow, 71-72
kdelnk files, 73, 75
superuser KFM sessions, 70
User Datagram Protocol (UDP), 85
User Private Groups (UPGs), permissions and, 183
useradd tool, 210
userdel command, 211-212
usermod command, 210-211
users
adding, 174-175, 209-210
deleting, 211-212
functions, 175
managing, 207-208
modifying, 210
roles of, 174
/usr/doc directory and online documentation, 168-169
utilities
dump, 226
word count (wc), 195

V

variables
environment (PATH), 125
noclobber, 154
verifying system, 240
video cards
configuring for X Windows, 306
supported by XFree86 3.3.2 servers, 329-341
View menu commands
Long View, 35-36
Show Tree, 35
viewing
command aliases, 130
date and time, 188-189
folders, 33
who is logged into system, 187
vim (text editor)
command multipliers, 146
documents, navigating, 145
executing shell commands, 146
exiting, 146
files, creating and editing, 144-145
overview of, 143
tutorial, accessing, 143
Web site, 147
virtual consoles, accessing, 118
virtual desktops
changing number of, 47
configuring with Active Desktop Borders feature, 45
customizing, 47
Desktop Pager, 45
panel and, 11
sending application to other desktop, 44
sharing applications across, 44
switching between, 43
virtual memory, 252
Visual Editor (vi), 141

W

w command, 187
Web, accessing
KDE, using, 94
Netscape, using, 95
overview of, 93
Web pages, controlling access to, 272-273
Web sites
Caldera
OpenLinux, 311
PC Card Support, 321
sound card compatibility, 342
Linux Documentation Project (LDP), 169
Netcraft, 271
Usenet, 101
vim, 147
XFree86, 341
whatis command, 166
whatis database, 166
whereis command, 167
who command, 187
windowed environment, 21-22
windows
accessing overlapping, 26
active, 25
categories of, 22
closing, 28
controls, 24-25
dialog boxes, 23
KFM, 31
moving, 27
panel, 23
resizing, 27
scrollbars, 26
standard application, 22
Windows compressed archive files, extracting files from, 242
word count (wc) utility, 195
write-once CD-ROMs and backups, 219

X

X-server, selecting when installing Linux, 301
X Windows, 21-22, 304-306, 308-309
xconfig options, 281
XEmacs
overview of, 147
tutorial, accessing, 148-149
XF86Setup program, 304
completing configuration, 309
keyboard, configuring, 305
monitor, configuring, 306
mouse, configuring, 305
other configurations, 308
resolutions, selecting, 308
video card, configuring, 306
XFree86 Web pages, 341
XT hard drives supported by Caldera OpenLinux Release 1.3, 341

Y-Z

zip files, extracting files from, 242
zless tool, 169
zsh (shell), 117


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