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3.1.1. Stand-Alone Much interest has been shown in stand-alone and independent use of ES shells and MM technologies for application development. Large numbers of successful applications of both types are now operational. Numerous ES-oriented references that report successful applications do exist. Similar references exist for MM-based systems. As Table 2 indicates, advantages of stand-alone architectures include availability of commercial tools, ease and speed of development, and independent maintenance. However, disadvantages include total lack of integration, double maintenance, and a lack of synergy. In the context of this chapter, these forms of system development represent a zero level of ES/MM integration. 3.1.2. Translational The translational form is a variation of separate system development and use. Using this model (Figure 2), an application is developed with one tool (e.g., the ES) and, after translation, migrated to the other (e.g., the MM system). The order of development is driven by user needs and the desired or required form of the final system. Advantages of this Level 1 integration architecture (Table 2), like the stand-alone form discussed earlier, include availability of commercial tools, ease and speed of development and maintenance (after selection of the best system), and speed of delivery. Disadvantages include redundant development and the possibility that complete and accurate translation may not be possible, thus requiring retranslation. Also, there is limited synergy in this model, with the exception of the insights provided by the initial development.
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